Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr 2 - GI & Metabolism > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

What is weight stigma?

A

Discrimination or stereotyping based on one’s weight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the emotional effects of weight stigma?

A

Depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, social rejection, suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the physical effects of weight stigma?

A

Unhealthy weight control behaviours, binge eating, avoidance of physical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the quality of healthcare effects of weight stigma?

A

More likely to delay or cancel appointments or preventative health services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many men and women are affected by obesity?

A

1/4 men and women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Is severe obesity prevalence higher for men or women?

A

Women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When did the obesity epidemic become apparent?

A

Clear increase around 1977, coincides with changes in food environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What changes in food environment occurred?

A
  • Eating poor food is easier
  • Poorest families need to spend 74% of expendable income to meet dietary guidelines
  • We are far less active
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the obesity levels like in 2020?

A

Highest ever levels worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is very high waist circumference taken to be in men/women?

A

Men - 102cm

Women - 88cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the tiers of obesity services?

A

Tier 1-4

With each tier providing different intervention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is tier 1?

A

Primary activity, population level public health prevention, identifying those at risk, referring into appropriate interventions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is tier 2?

A

Community based weight management services

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is tier 3?

A

Specialist weight management services for people with severe and complex obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is tier 4?

A

Bariatric (weight loss) surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can consultations be improved regarding obesity?

A
  • Setting the agenda
  • Making decisions and setting targets
  • Exchanging information
  • Quick assessment of motivation and confidence to change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the most positive and motivating obesity campaign messages?

A
  • Focus on changing behaviours and improving health

- Recognise the many determinants of overweight and obesity rather than focusing on individual responsibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can weight stigma be avoided?

A
  • Respect diversity and avoid stereotypes
  • Use positive and appropriate language, factual terminology and open-ended questions. This can help you build a good rapport with your patient. Avoid using accusatory language so the patient does not feel like you are blaming them for their condition.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can you be non-judgementally curious?

A
  • Acknowledge that weight management can be difficult
  • Do not make assumptions about a person’s life, lifestyle or motivation
  • Open-ended questions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What loss of initial weight is realistic?

A

5-10% loss of initial weight is realistic, achievable and results in improvements (powers blood pressure, improves diabetic control and reduces cholesterol(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is realistic weight loss?

A

0.5-1kg loss per week (loss in fat while preserving lean body mass)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the top 5 celeb diets to avoid in 2019?

A
  1. Blood type diets
  2. Drinking your own pee
  3. Detox teas / skinny coffees
  4. Slimming sachets
  5. Alkaline water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When should pharmacotherapy be considered?

A

Only after dietary, exercise and behavioural approaches have been started and evaluated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When should orlistat be prescribed?

A

Only as part of an overall plan for managing obesity in adults who meet one of the following criteria: a BMI of 28.0 kg/m2 or more with associated risk factors or a BMI of 30.0 kg/m2 or more. (Affects fat absorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When is bariatric surgery considered?

A
  • BMI of 40 or more (or BMI between 35-40 and other significant diseases)
  • Person has been receiving or will receive intensive management in a tier 3 service
  • The person is generally fit for anaesthesia and surgery.
  • The person commits to the need for long-term follow-up.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the types of bariatric surgery?

A 
Gastric band
Gastric bypass 
Sleeve gastrectomy (remove bit of gut, affects appetite hormones)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How important is weight maintenance?

A

Is of equal importance to the weight loss phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Where are the ‘hunger’ and ‘satiety’ centres?

A

In the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is ghrelin?

A

‘Hunger hormone’ because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake and promotes fat storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

When is ghrelin released?

A

Released when the stomach is empty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where is ghrelin released from?

A

Mainly by the stomach with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where does ghrelin travel?

A

To the hypothalamus –> is a powerful hypothalamic orexigenic (appetite-inducing) agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does orexigenic mean?

A

Appetite-inducing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does ghrelin present when released in the brain?

A

Neuropeptide

35
Q

What are anorexigens?

A

Hunger suppressors

36
Q

What gut/pancreatic peptides are anorexigens?

A 
CCK
Insulin
GLP-1
Peptide YY
Oxyntomodulin
Somatostatin

As do foodstuffs, such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids, at least some via direct actions on the hypothalamus

37
Q

Is the hypothalamus protected by the blood brain barrier?

A

No

38
Q

What is leptin?

A

Hormone released by adipocytes (signals to the hypothalamus)

39
Q

What is function of leptin?

A

Leptin does not affect food intake from meal to meal but, instead, acts to alter food intake and control energy expenditure over the long term

Central effects and potentiate insulin

40
Q

How do leptin and insulin interact?

A

Leptin and insulin directly regulate each other : 0 leptin inhibits insulin; insulin stimulates leptin synthesis and secretion.

41
Q

How does weight loss affect leptin?

A

Levels of leptin fall –> decreases insulin –> hunger increases

42
Q

What is effect of leptin on hunger?

A

Higher leptin levels decreases appetite and food intake

43
Q

What is adiponectin? Where is it released from?

A

A protein hormone released from adipose tissue

44
Q

What is effect of high levels of adiponectin?

A

Decreases insulin resistance as sensitises liver and muscle to insulin

Can accompany weight loss

45
Q

What is effect of low levels of adiponectin?

A

Increases insulin resistance

Can accompany obesity

46
Q

What cytokines released by adipocytes affect weight?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines –> TNF-a and IL-6

Inhibit insulin and leptin

47
Q

What is the solitary tract?

A

The solitary tract is a compact fibre bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the medulla (brainstem)

Descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord

48
Q

What is the solitary tract surrounded by?

A

Nucleus of the solitary tract

49
Q

What does the nucleus of the solitary tract do?

A

Collect central and peripheral messages, including from anorexigens

These then send messages to arcuate nucleus

50
Q

Where do projections from the arcuate nucleus go to?

A
  • Satiety centre in the ventromedial nucleus

- Hunger centre in lateral hypothalamic area

51
Q

Within arcuate nucleus, there are bunches of neurones with different characteristics.

What does the arcuate nucleus contain?

A
  • Anorexigenic neurones

- Orexigenic neurones

52
Q

What do anorexigenic neurones make?

What does this lead to?

A

Secrete proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and “cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript” (CART)

Leads to suppression of appetite

53
Q

What do orexigenic neurones make?

What does this lead to?

A

Orexigenic neurons secrete Agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)

Stimulates appetite

54
Q

What does AGRP inhibit?

A

Melanocortin receptors

55
Q

Where is the satiety centre?

A

In the ventromedial nucleus

56
Q

Where is the hunger centre?

A

In the lateral hypothalamic area

57
Q

What are ketone bodies made from?

A

Fatty acids –> acetyl CoA –> ketone bodies

58
Q

What is breath like of someone starving?

A

Can smell acetone due to ketone bodies being produced

59
Q

Effects of extreme starvation?

A
  • Wasting of muscle
  • Muscle fatigue and reduced exercise capacity
  • Diminished respiratory capacity
  • Slowed heart rate, and decreased contractility
  • Loss of heat-generating capacity
  • Apathy
  • Death from respiratory or cardiac failure, or infection
60
Q

What is anorexia nervosa?

A

Body weight more than 15% below standard (BMI < 17.5)

Weight loss due to voluntary abstinence

61
Q

What is bulimia nervosa?

A

Similar but without the low body weight

62
Q

What typical biochemical abnormalities are associated with bulimia?

A
  • Metabolic alkalosis due to volume contraction

- Hypokalaemia

63
Q

What is alkalosis due to volume contraction?

A

Increase in blood pH that occurs as a result of fluid losses (volume contraction).

The change in pH is especially pronounced with acidic fluid losses caused by problems like vomiting.

64
Q

What is BMI?

A

(weight in kg) / (height in metres) squared

65
Q

What is the normal BMI range?

A

18.5-24.99

66
Q

What BMI range is overweight?

A

25-29.99

67
Q

What BMI range is obese?

A

> 30

68
Q

What BMI range is underweight?

A

<18.5

69
Q

In obese people, what are the levels of leptin and grehlin like?

A

Leptin is high and grehlin is low

70
Q

What are dangers of obesity on musculoskeletal system?

A

Osteoarthritis (degeneration of joint cartilage & bone); lower back pain.

Due to sheer weight you are carrying

71
Q

What are dangers of obesity on circulatory system?

A

Hypertension (→ coronary heart disease, stroke & renal failure); deep vein thrombosis; pulmonary embolism

Heart has to work harder to supply more fat

72
Q

What are dangers of obesity on metabolic and endocrine systems?

A

Type 2 diabetes is substantially raised (65-75%); Dyslipidaemia; Metabolic syndrome (high blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol)

73
Q

What are dangers of obesity on cancers?

A

Endometrial, breast and colon cancers.

Higher risk (also due to low grade inflammatory response)

74
Q

What are dangers of obesity on reproductive and urological systems?

A
  • Stress incontinence, menstrual abnormalities, polycystic ovarian syndrome; infertility.
  • Erectile dysfunction.
  • Offspring
75
Q

What are dangers of obesity on respiratory system?

A

Sleep apnoea

76
Q

What are dangers of obesity on gastrointestinal and liver?

A

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; gastro-oesophageal reflux; gall stones.

77
Q

What are dangers of obesity on psychological and social problems?

A

Stress; low self-esteem; social disadvantage; depression; reduced libido.

78
Q

What is the ‘metabolic syndrome?

A

Must have at least 3 out of:

  1. Obesity (waist circumference)
  2. Type II diabetes mellitus
  3. Hypertension
  4. High plasma triglycerides (hyperlipidaemia)
  5. Low HDL cholesterol
79
Q

How does obesity affect insulin? What can this then lead to?

A

Obesity leads to insulin resistance, and both lead to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which seem to underlie the cardiovascular disease.

80
Q

What is effect of NEFA (non-esterified fatty acids) on liver?

A

Makes liver less sensitive to insulin and alters lipid handling.

Also, impairs B cell insulin release

81
Q

What does higher insulin resistance lead to?

A

Higher plasma insulin and higher plasma glucose

82
Q

Difference in developing and excess obesity?

A

Developing obesity tends to suppress appetite and increase BMR, until a balance is reached.

Excess obesity induces insulin resistance and chronic inflammatory changes.

83
Q

What is the metabolic syndrome associated with?

A

CVS disease

Yr 2 - GI & Metabolism (51 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions