Obedience- Social 1 Flashcards
Describe the social psychology approach (4)
- Social psychology is the study of how people’s behavior can be influenced by other people, groups and society.
- This means that it tend to discount the importance of individual differences.
- For example, it looks at how the social situation we are in affects our behaviour. We may behave differently with our friends than with our parents.
- It also looks at how the groups we belong to may affect our behaviour. These include nationality and religion.
What are social roles?
Roles are the expectations, responsibilities, and behaviours we adopt in certain situations.
Define social influence
when an individual’s behaviour, attitudes or emotions are affected by someone
Define obedience
Obedience is a form of social influence. It means obeying direct orders from someone in authority.
Define compliance
Compliance is part of obedience: it means going along with what someone says, while not necessarily agreeing with it.
Define dissenting
Dissenting is where the orders are rejected: the person does not do what they are told to do.
Define internalising
Internalising means you obey with agreement
Define conformity
Conformity means that you adopt the behaviours & attitudes to those around you
Explain the background into Milgram’s research into obedience
After the WW2, people
assumed that there were basic character flaws in the German soldiers that made them more likely to be obedient to orders.
It was argued that there was something about the personality of the soldiers which lead them to follow orders to exterminate millions of Jews.
Milgram’s research challenged this view and demonstrated how situational circumstances can influence a person’s levels of obedience.
Define autonomy
Acting on one’s own free will
Define agency
When we be acts as an agent for others
Define moral strain
Moral strain: experiencing anxiety, usually because you are asked to do something that goes against your moral judgement.
Define socialisation
the process of learning the norms of society through socialising agents e.g. teachers and parents.
Milgram carried out a pilot study where the participants predicted that most Americans would stop before 150V and that no more than 4% would continue to 450V.
Why do you think a pilot study is important?
the pilot study gave us a baseline prediction of what people think showing that most people hardly believed anyone would follow orders that might kill someone but the actual experiment revealed otherwise.
What was the aim of Milgram’s original study?
To investigate what level of obedience would be shown by volunteer participants when they were told by a authority figure to administer electric shocks to another person if even if it meant harming them.
What are the 4 key assumptions of the social approach
- The approach assumes that other people can affect our behaviour, thought processes, and emotions.
- It also suggests that the social situation can affect our behaviour, thought processes and emotions.
- Being in groups in society also affects our behaviour. We respond differently to people depending on the group that they are in, and we tend to favour people who are members
of groups to which we belong.
4.The roles that we play in society can also affect our behaviour.
Describe the key issue of social control on research in obedience?
Psychological knowledge could be used as an agent of SOCIAL CONTROL For example it could be used to increase obedience. This can have both positive & negative consequences
Name the sampling technique which Milgram used
Volunteer sampling
Describe the sample of Milgram’s original study
40 men all from the same area in Northern America. Ages ranging 20-50. Mix of occupations and educational levels. (Paid $4.50 for participation)
Describe the procedure or Milgram’s original study
- Particpant came to the lab along with a fellow participant (who was really a confederate)
- They drew lots to be “Teacher” or “Learner” but was always rigged so the “Teacher” - always the Participant “Learner” - always the Confederate
- Two rooms used within Yale University
- In one room was a chair where the learner was to revive electric shocks.
- In the other room was an electric shock generator with switches from 15V - 450V.
- The teacher was given a sample shock of 45V to convince them the shocks were real
- Learner had to learn word pairs which he deliberately got wrong
- The teacher was told to increase the shocks by 15V for every wrong answer but really the learner did not receive any shocks.
- Standardised verbal prods we’re also given to encourage the teacher.
Describe the 4 prods the teacher was given in Milgram’s original study
Prod 1: “Please continue”
Prod 2: “The experiment requires that you continue”
Prod 3: “It is absolutely essential that you continue”
Prod 4: “You have no other choice, you must go on.”
What where the results of Milgram’s Pilot study?
People predicted that most American’s would stop before 150 volts.
No more than 4% would continue to 450 volts
What where the quantitive data results of Milgram’s original study?
- All 40 (100%) participants gave shocks up to 300 volts
- 26 (65%) participants gave the maximum voltage shocks
- Only 14 participants stopped before 450 volts
What where the qualitative data results of Milgram’s original study?
- Showed visible signs of distress
- Sweating, trembling, nervous laughter,protesting
- However, some remained calm throughout
What conclusions did Milgram reach in his original study?
- The level of obedience was totally unexpected. 65% of participants went to the max voltage but the pilot study predicted only 4% of Americans would.
- Social influence is strong.
- People will obey orders even when it causes them personal distress.
Give three social factors that Milgram asserted would influence the participants into being obedient in his original study.
•Yale University is a prestigious institution and therefore people believe that it is unlikely to
allow anything unethical to occur.
•The participant was paid and so felt an obligation.
•This was a new situation for the participant, who had no idea of what was suitable behaviour.
•It was thought that the shocks were painful, but not dangerous.
Outline the procedure of Milgram’s original study of obedience, from the point where lots were drawn to decide who would be the teacher and who would be the learner.
• The learner was attached to an electric shock generator in a different room from the teacher
• The teacher was given a 45 volt shock to convince the teacher that the shocks were real.
The teacher asked a series of words pairs which the learner deliberately got wrong.
• Every time the learner got the answer wrong, the teacher was requited to shock the learner, increasing the shock by 15 volts each time.
• The learner didn’t actually receive any shocks.
•If the teacher refused to administer the shock, the Experimenter issued a number of set prods, e.g.
‘you must go on’
Outline one methodological weakness of Milgram’s original study of obedience
- P: One weakness of the methodology used by Milgram was that the experiment lacked mundane realism. This means that the task the participants were asked to do wasn’t something that they would normally be required to do in everyday life.
- E: People are not usually asked to electrocute a stranger because they can’t remember a word pair. Therefore the study lacks ecological validity.
What does Milgram’s original study tell us about behaviour?
(Point): In certain circumstances people can obey authority figures to an unexpected extent.
(Elaborate); A pilot study was carried out, where people estimated that most Americans wouldn’t go over 150 volts. The results of the actual study were unexpected.
• (Example/ evidence: this can be seen when 65% of the participants in
Milgram’s study obeyed the “experimenter” and administered the “learner” the maximum voltage of 450 volts (although no real shocks given).
(Comment): However, this study was done in a prestigious University, in an artificial situation so the experiment lacks ecological validity. It cannot be certain that these results can be applied to everyday life.
• C: However, the participants thought that it was real as they showed a lot of stress during the experiment
Give one strength of volunteer sampling in Milgram’s original study
Allows access to a wide range of people
• Milgram’s study had a sample of 40 men of a variety of ages, occupations, and educational levels.
Explain one weakness of the sample in Milgram’s original study
One weakness of this sample is that It lacks generalisability. This means we cannot generalise the findings beyond the participants that were used. For example Migram used an all male
sample from Connecticut which means we cannot assume females or people from other areas will give the same results found in this experiment.
What were the participants told about the aim of Milgram’s research?
They were told the research was investigating the effects of punishment on memory.
Describe the debriefing processes the participants received in Milgram’s original study
The participants were interviewed after the procedure using open questions and attitude scales.
They were then debriefed.
A friendly reconciliation with the learner was arranged, and the participants were reassured that the learner had not received any electric shocks.
Explain the strength of gathering both quantitative and qualitative data in Milgram’s original study
Quantitative data is measurable; allows us compare the obedience of participants (eg 65% of people went up to the maximum voltage)
Qualitative data allows us to understand their experiences (sweating, trembling etc) indicate that the participants were feeling stressed
by their obedience.
Evaluate generalisability of Milgram’s original study
• Not representative of people in general because:
-All participants were from one area of America (Ethnocentric)
-All participants were male (Androcentric)
•The sampling technique was self-selected so the participants may be
different to other people - eg more likely to think that scientific research is very important/ more biddable
•Therefore can probably only generalise to male Americans.
Evaluate generalisability of Milgram’s original study in PEEC format
• P: A weakness of Milgram’s study is that it lacks generalisability, as his sample was both androcentric and ethnocentric
• E: Milgram used 40 male participants from Connecticut in the US
E: This means that the results from the study cannot necessarily be generalised to women or people
from other areas or cultures.
C: However, Milgram wanted to look at obedience levels of Americans, so in that sense it can be generalised in part to the target population.
Evaluate reliability of Milgram’s original study in PEEC format
• P: A strength of Milgram’s study is that it is considered reliable and so it can be replicated to produce consistent results.
• E: Milgram used standardised procedures, ensuring that participants experience of the experiment were as near identical as possible to each other.
E: For example, the experimenter issued the same 4 prods to the participants, like: “it is essential that you continue with the experiment.”
• C: This means that the study can be repeated almost identically, but allows for the changing of certain variables to see if that variable has an effect on obedience. This can be seen in his
variation studies.
Describe Application of Milgram’s original study to the real world
•Shows us the potential influence the social situation can have on obedience
•Understand previous events eg behaviour of Nazi guards in WW 2
concentration camps
•Be aware of people’s tendency to obey authority figures
•Society needs to ensure that there is a system so that people in authority can’t abuse their power
•Teach people to challenge inappropriate authority
•Use obedience - good for certain areas in society e.g. army/police
Society needs some form of social control
Evaluate Validity in Milgram’s original study
• Artificial setting. The laboratory setting where the shocks were given was not like the Ppts normal environment.
• Artificial task. People are not normally asked to give electric shocks to others! So, low in mundane realism.
Both these factors decrease ecological validity.
• BUT Milgram argued that the laboratory is similar to any social
situation where there is an authority figure, such as a doctor’s surgery or a police interview room.
•The good controls and standardisation also increase the validity of the research as it makes it more accurate.
Evaluate ecological validity of Milgram’s original study in PEEC format
• P: A weakness of this study is that it lacks ecological validity
•E: This means that the findings do not necessarily apply to everyday life.
• E: The experimental setting was artificial environment, where the participants were asked to
electrocute strangers if they got a wrong answer to memory questions. This is not something
that people would normally be asked to do. This means the study lacked mundane realism.
• C: However, Milgram argues a lab is similar to any social situation where there is an authority figure.
Evaluate the ethics of Milgram’s original study
- Consent - agreed to take part in an experiment. But did not know how stressful it would be
- Withdrawal - option was NOT given
- Deception - told that it was learning and memory, told they must continue with experiment, given impression that learner was in immense pain
- Protection - Affected subjects mentally - showed signs of extreme nervous tension
- Debriefing - Full debriefing given and also given psychometric tests and follow up counselling
Evaluate Milgram’s original study using SOC
The standardised procedure and the collection of quantitative, measurable data mean that this
study can be considered to be fairly objective. This provides support for the idea that psychology can be studied in a scientific Way.
What was the aim for Milgram’s Variation 7 study?
To see if manipulating the variable of proximity of the experimenter affects obedience levels where participants are asked to administer an electric shock to a fellow participant
What was the aim for Milgram’s Variation 10 study?
To see if manipulating the variable of
setting of the research affects obedience levels where participants are asked to administer an electric shock to a fellow participant
What was the aim for Milgram’s Variation 13 study?
To see if manipulating the variable status of the experimenter affects
obedience levels where participants are asked to administer an electric shock to a fellow participant.
Describe the procedure of Milgram’s Variation 7
Same as original except: After initially giving face-to-face instructions, the experimenter left the room and gave further instructions to the P over the telephone
Describe the procedure of Milgram’s Variation 10
Same as original except: Study took place in rundown office building; Ps were told that it was conducted by Bridgeport Associates, instead of by Yale.
Describe the procedure of Milgram’s Variation 13
Same as original except: Drew lots with two other participants . As usual, a rigged draw meant that the participant was chosen to be the teacher. 1st confederate: learner; 2nd confederate given the role of recording times from the experimenter’s desk.
Experimenter leaves; 2nd confederate (ordinary man) suggests increasing shock level for every wrong answer.
What were the results of Milgram’s Variation 7?
9 out of 40 participants (22.5 %) gave the maximum voltage level (compared to 65% in the original study).
What were the results of Milgram’s Variation 10?
19 out of 40 participants (47.5%) gave the maximum voltage (compared to 65% in the original study).
What were the results of Milgram’s Variation 13?
4 out of 20 participants (20%) gave the maximum voltage (compared to 65% in the original study)
What conclusions can we draw from Milgram’s Variation 7 study?
The level of obedience dropped from the original experiment; this suggests that the proximity of the experimenter is important in creating obedience.
What conclusions can we draw from Milgram’s Variation 10 study?
The level of obedience dropped slightly
from the original experiment; this
suggests that while the setting has some effect on obedience, the main factor seems to be the orders of the
experimenter.
What conclusions can we draw from Milgram’s Variation 13 study?
The level of obedience dropped
significantly from the original study, suggesting that the authority of the experimenter is an important factor in creating obedience.