OB exam 1- Repro Health & Fam 2 Flashcards
fibrocystic breast changes
thickening of normal breast tissue caused by imbalance in estrogen and progesterone
fibrocystic breast changes: sx
cyclic pain
tenderness
swelling right before menses
fibrocystic breast changes: dx
mammography MRI or fine needle aspiration
fibrocystic breast changes: tx
limit caffeine
decrease sodium
use oral contraceptives
endometriosis
presence of endometrial tissue outside of uterine cavity d/t an unknown cause but possibly backflow of menstrual flow, inflammation of endometrium or an immune defect
endometriosis: sx
pelvic pain usually at time of menses
endometriosis: dx
confirmed by laparoscopy
endometriosis: tx
surgical removal endometrial tissue, NSAIDS, oral contraceptives
POS
ovaries enlarged and contain numerous small cysts along outer edge of ovaries d/t unknown cause
POS: sx
irregular to absent menses
elevated testosterone & androgen levels
obesity
insulin resistance
infertility
POS: dx
H&P
labs
vaginal US to evaluate uterus and ovaries
POS: tx
oral contraceptives
glucophage & spironolactone
toxic shock
a disease of a women in their reproductive years around menses or postpartum caused by toxin released from staph A
toxic shock: sx
fever
rash on trunk that resembles a sunburn
vomiting
hypotension
inflamed mucus membranes
toxic shock: dx
elevated BUN, AST, ALT, billi
low platelets
toxic shock: tx
hospitalization
IVF to maintain BP
abx
bacterial vaginosis (BV)
decrease in normal vaginal flora cause by overgrowth of bacteria probably d/t douching or frequent sex
BV: sx
increase amount of thin, watery, whitish/grey fluid w/ fishy smell
BV: dx
vaginal pH greater then 4.5
slide prep
BV: tx
flagyl (metronidazole)
clindamycin vaginal cream
vaginal candidiasis
yeast infection caused by abx, oral contraceptives, immunosuppressants and/or DM
vaginal candidiasis: sx
thick, curdy vaginal discharge
severe itchy
rash
vaginal candidiasis: dx
spores under microscope
vaginal candidiasis: tx
diflucan (fluconazole)
nystatin
trichomoniasis
STI caused by trichomoniasis vaginalis
trichomoniasis: sx
yellow/green discharge
inflammation
itching
dysuria
trichomoniasis: dx
visualization of organism on microscope slide
trichomoniasis: tx
flagyl (metronidazole)
non treatment
chlamydia
the most common STD caused by chlamydia trachomatis
chlamydia: sx
thin, purulent discharge
dysuria
lower abd pain
chlamydia: dx
lab culture
chlamydia: tx
azithromycin
gonorrhea
STD that increases risk for pelvic inflammatory disease cause by bacteria neisseria gonorrhoeae
gonorrhea: sx
purulent, green/yellowish discharge
dysuria
vulva swelling
gonorrhea: dx
lab culture
gonorrhea: tx
rocephin (ceftriaxone) + azithromycin
gonorrhea: complication if pregnant and not treated
gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum
severe eye issues in infants
herpes
HSV-1: cold sore
HSV-2: genital infection
caused by herpes simplex virus
herpes: sx
single, blister like vesicle in genital area
herpes: dx
culture of lesion
herpes: tx
no cure
acyclovir to help keep virus dormant
syphilis
chronic infection from contact with open wound or acquired congenitally caused by spirochete treponema pallidum
syphilis: sx
chancre than later wart like plaque on vulva
fever
weight loss
malaise
syphilis: dx
blood test VDRL or RPR
syphilis: tx
penicillin
HPV
sexually transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, usual cause of cervical cancer produced by human papillomavirus
HPV: sx
genital warts
HPV: dx
biopsy lesion
HPV: tx
cryotherapy
shave excision
acid removal
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammatory disorder of upper female genitalia, can cause tubal damage and infertility cause by multiple sexual partners, use of IUD, untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia
PID: sx
bilateral, sharp cramping pain, fever, chills, purulent vaginal drainage
PID: dx
cultures
CBC
VDRL
RPR
PID: tx
multiple abx combos
lower UTI
cystitis cause by E.coli, enterococcus or staph
lower UTI: sx
low grade temp
hematuria
painful urination
lower UTI: dx
urine specimen
labs
lower UTI: tx
abx
upper UTI
pyelonephritis caused by lower infection
upper UTI: sx
high temp
chills
flank pain
upper UTI: dx
urine specimen
labs
upper UTI: tx
IVF
IV abx
pain meds
infertility
unprotected sexual intercourse over a 12 month time period where conception does not occur
secondary infertility
unable to conceive or sustain a pregnancy after 1 or more successful pregnancies
essential components of fertility: female
-favorable cervical mucus
-patent tubes w/ normal motility
-ovaries that produce and release normal ova
-no obstruction between ovary & uterus
-favorable endometrium
-adequate reproductive hormones
essential components of fertility: male
-normal quality, quantity, and motility of sperm
-unobstructed genital tract
-normal genital tract secretions
-ejaculated sperm able to reach cervix
ways to improve fertility
-no douching or artificial lubricants
-retain & avoid leaking sperm for at least 20-30 min after sex
-sex every other day during fertile period
-decrease anxiety and stress
-adequate nutrition
infertility meds
-clomid
-progesterone
-gonadotropins
-parlodel
infertility treatment: therapeutic insemination
donor or husband’s sperm deposited at cervical os or uterus mechanically
infertility treatment: in vitro fertilization
egg collected from ovary, fertilized in lab and placed in uterus after embryo development starts
infertility treatment: gamete intrafallopian transfer
egg removed by laparoscopy and placed with sperm, fertilization occurs in fallopian tube and then egg travels to uterus to implant
infertility treatment: zygote intrafallopian transfer
eggs retrieved and incubated with sperm and placed back into fallopian tubes once fertilization occurs
karyotype
pictorial view of chromosomes
phenotype
observable expression of trait
how to write a downs karyotype in words (for a female)
Down Syndrome 47, XX, +21
autosomal dominant inheritance
-affected individual has affected parent
-50% chance of passing to child
-severity varies from parent to child
-need at least one A
affected parent: Aa, non: aa ; child will have it if Aa
autosomal recessive inheritance
-affected individuals has clinically normal parents but are carries
-when both are carries, 25% of passing defect and 50% of being a healthy carrier
-need at least two a
carrier parents: Bb ; healthy non carrier: BB, healthy carrier: 50%, disorder: 25%
