(422) PH Final Study Guide Flashcards
what are the two types of direct mode of transmissions
-contact
-droplet
modes of transmissions: contact
direct transfer w/ very close contact (ex STD
what are the three types of indirect modes of transmissions
vehicle borne
vector borne
airborne
modes of transmissions: vehicle borne
animate & inanimate objects, food or liquid
modes of transmissions: vector borne
usually arthropods (invertebrates)
modes of transmissions: airborne
expelled small droplets through things like cough, sneeze, singing (ex covid, chicken pox, TB)
patterns of transmission: unidirectional
nonhuman to human
ex: cat to human (human cannot give it back to the cat)
patterns of transmission: bidirectional
nonhuman to human to nonhuman
Ex: malaria
patterns of transmission: vertical
parent to child
Ex: HIV spread during birth or breastfeeding
patterns of transmission: horizontal
person to person
Ex: cold and flu
patterns of transmission: endogenous
internal source
Ex: something that is already in our body that is asyn until something happens -> E.Coli
patterns of transmission: exogenous
external source
ex: eating contaminated food
prevention
reduce or eliminate exposure or susceptibility to a disease
control
reduce incidence or prevalence of a disease at one point in time
elimination
control of a disease within a specific geographical area
eradication
reduce incidence worldwide to zero
incidence
number of new cases of a disease at a given time period
prevalence
number of all cases of a disease at a given time period
latent period
period between when an infectious agent enters a host, finds conditions favorable and replicates before shedding
incubation period
period between invasion of an agent until symptoms appear
Communicability period
the period of time the person can infect others
Transmissibility
estimates of the basic reproductive number
pandemic
“when a disease growth exponential” -> it does not have to do w/ the virus itself or how severe it is, it is referring to how far it reaches
A pandemic cuts across international boundaries and is unpredictable
epidemic
refers to the occurrence of disease in a community or region more than normal expectancy
endemic
refers to the constant presence of a disease within a geographic area or population
provides the baseline for establishing a public health problem
Discuss and apply the best practices for naming new diseases according to the WHO
WHO encouraged people to use more generic terminology when naming pandemics & viruses instead of basing it off of area is started or people
examples of present day racism in medicine
-pain is ignored, denied or believed to be less than white patients
-higher rates of misdiagnosis and poorer health outcomes
-cheaper/less desirable procedures
interventions for medical mistrust
-have a black provider care for a black pt when possible (this technique has halved infant mortality in black newborns)
-engage the community and community leaders (ex: use barbershops as a place to hold blood pressure screening)
-show authentic representation in educations and messaging (acknowledge systemic racism as justifiable reason for mistrust when providing education)
what is NIMS and when this management system is used
NIMS is a standardized approach to incident mgt and response in the US that was established by homeland security as a result of 9/11
Used for: natural disasters, acts of terrorism / public shootings, failing infrastructures, and transportation incidents
NIMS: incident commander
responsible for creating a unified command between responding agencies, evaluates the incident, creates & oversees plan of action and determines needs based on size of incident
NIMS: safety officer
responsible for monitoring hazards in day-to-day operations, enforces safety plans for scene operations and assist in developing emergency response plans should further incidents ensue
NIMS: public information officer
responsible for communicating information to the public and media, communicates facts and viewpoint of responding / controlling agency
NIMS: liaison officer
relays information between incident commander, general staff and other agencies -> key purpose is to assist in communication between departments and field response efforts
NIMS: finance / administrative
responsible for documenting all expenses that should be reimbursed and tracks time units hours worked, cost of supply procurement and cost of compensation and claims
mass casualty incidents: open
- Unknown amount of causalities
- Search and rescue required
- Incidents are normally long and ongoing
mass casualty incidents: closed
- Number of patients not expected to change
- Pt’s triaged, treated & removed from
scene
natural disaster
- sudden impact or acute onset
- slow or chronic impact
human generated disasters
- Unintentional or intentional
- Biologic, nuclear, incendiary, chemical,
explosive, technologic
what are the 4 phases of disaster mgt
prepare -> prevent -> respond -> recover ->
phases of disaster mgt: prepare
- Issue timely warnings
- Implementing protective actions
- Undertaking emergency mgt activates
- Evacuating population pre disaster as
needed
phases of disaster mgt: prevent
- ID potential hazards and vulnerabilities
- Strengthening capacity (Identify existing
strengths, attributes and resources available
within a community, organization or society
to manage and reduce disaster risks and
strengthen resilience)
phases of disaster mgt: respond
- Establish control of situation (ID a leader,
determine roles, set up triage) - Implement lifesaving actions, managements
and surveillance - Evacuating population immediately
phases of disaster mgt: recover
- Monitor
- Reestablish health services
- Debriefing population and responders
- Evaluate disaster mgt response
S/s of carbon monoxide poisoning (6)
-headaches
-dizziness
-shortness of air
-chest pain
-seizures
-vomiting
causes of monoxide poisoning
Poorly vented spaces
treatment for monoxide poisoning
- Place on pulse ox
- Place on high flow O2 via nonrebreather
- Hyperbaric chamber and oxygen washout
what is the precautionary principle in environmental health
social responsibility to protect the public from exposure to harm when scientific investigation has found a plausible risk
the precautions can be relaxed only if further scientific findings emerge that provide sound evidence that no harm will result
Understand the role of modifiable environmental risk factors in health
-Educate, prevent and treat
-Get community involved
-Perform risk assessments
-Risk communication
-Epidemiological investigation
-Policy advocacy & development
Health hazard
any environmental substance or situation that has the ability to cause an adverse health event
includes physical, chemical and biological factors that are external to a person
ex: pesticides, chemicals in consumer products, radiation, floor waters
health risk
the chance of being harmed by the hazard
Apply the steps of environmental assessment in a scenario
1) identify and characterize the hazard
-Who is impacted by the hazard
-What type of hazard is in questions
-How is the hazard reaching humans
-How does the hazard enter the human body
o Ingestion, inhalation, absorption
o Acute vs chronic exposure
o Severity of the adverse effects
o Time frame
2) identify and characterize the key stakeholders
3) formulate a problem statement
Discuss strategies to improve health through addressing environmental factors in the home
- Take shoes off at the door
- Keep house well ventilated
- Purchase organic, fresh, local produce
- Grow a garden w/o pesticides
- Reduce red meat
- Clean w/ baking soda and vinegar
- Low VOC paints
- Eat smaller fish to decrease mercury
consumption - Reconsider your personal care products
- Avoid Tabacco smoke
- reduce radon
- Avoid sources of BPA and PFAs (plastic)
Mitigation
reducing the flow of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere
accomplish this by using clean energy like wind and solar & sustainable transportation
Adaptation
learning to live with, and adapt to, the climate change that has already been set in motion
accomplish this by planting trees in urban settings, disaster mgt planning, climate resilience (roof top gardens and harvesting rain water)
methods of environmental surveillance
- Toxicology studies
- Epidemiologic studies
- Environmental monitoring
- Biological monitoring
- Product surveillance
interventions to address exposures to identified environmental health hazards
Control exposures at the source, along the path, at the level of the person and secondary prevention
- at the source: person in quarantine
- along the path: social distancing & barriers
- at the level of the person: wearing PPE
- secondary prevention: covid testing
Understand the measurement of DALY: what this measures and how it is calculated.
disability adjusted life year
DALY = years lived w/ disability + years of life lost
* 1 DALY= losing 1 year in good health from either premature death or disease or disability
Mortality does not give a complete picture of the burden of disease, DALYs takes into account morbidity/the suffering that may occur for people living with disease or disability
Know the 5 S of strengthening health systems
Staff: well trained, qualified staff in sufficient quantity to respond to need
Stuff: ensuring the tools and resources needed for care delivery and administration
Space: safe, appropriate spaces w/ capacity to serve patients
Systems: leadership and governance, information, financing
Social support: providing basic necessities and resources needed to ensure effective care
U.S. healthcare system excels in
- Cancer survival
- Heart attack and stroke survival
- Medicating those w/ long term chronic conditions (diabetes)
- Research
migrants
individuals who move from one place to another, typically for reasons like employment, education, family reunification, or a better quality of life
move voluntarily to seek better living conditions, work or security
refugees
people who are forced to flee their home country due to well-founded fear of persecution. This persecution can be based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group
cannot return home d/t fear, will cross international borders and are typically granted asylum
asylum seekers
individuals who have fled their home country and are seeking protection in another country but have not yet been recognized as refugees under international law
applies for asylum claiming to be a refugee and their case is review to see if it meets qualifications
internally displaced persons
people who have been forced to flee their homes due to armed conflict, violence, human rights violations, or natural disasters but remain within their own country’s borders
do not cross international borders
what is the Global Burden of Disease is and how this tool can be used to understand the impact of diseases globally
Tool to quantify health loss from hundreds of diseases, injuries, and risk factors
Health systems can be improved, and disparities can be eliminated
GBD research incorporates both the prevalence of a given disease or risk factor and the relative harm it causes
The tools allow decision-makers to compare the effects of different diseases, such as malaria versus cancer, and then use that information to prioritize prevention, research and funding
common characteristics of countries identified as high-income/top-performers in the area of health care
They provide for universal coverage and remove cost barriers
They invest in primary care systems to ensure that high-value services are equitably available in all communities to all people
They reduce administrative burdens that divert time, efforts and spending from health improvement efforts
They invest in social services, especially for children and working age adults
methods of surveillance: toxicology studies
characterize the toxicity profile of a hazard
study the effects of chemicals on human health and the environment
usually done in lab
methods of surveillance: epidemiological studies
study of the distribution of disease in populations and the factors that may contribute to it
study the pattern of diseases associated with environmental exposures (like wild fires or harmful algae blooms)
looks at who was exposed and what might develop d/t the exposure
methods of surveillance: environmental monitoring
monitoring the quality of the environment
ex: air samples, water samples, noise or light pollution
methods of surveillance: biological monitoring
after being exposed to environmental hazard, it may be possible to detect how much of that substance has gotten into a person’s body
measures the amount of the chemical or its breakdown products (a metabolite) in a sample of a person’s blood or urine
methods of surveillance: product surveillance
monitoring the environmental impact of products
ex: what is the impact of using plastic on the environment
the ozone and asthma
air monitoring networks look at ozone and particulate matter in the air bc ozone exposure has been shown to trigger a reflex response in the lungs that alter breathing
if you have asthma, cannot breath deeply when the ozone is high
direct impact of global warming
changing weather patterns
indirect impact of global warming
changes in availability of clean water
what does mitigation and adaptation do
slows the rate of global warming and limits the rate of warming through this two tiered approach
what can we do to prevent further global warming
-generate electricity from clean sources (solar, wind)
-drive less
-reduce beef consumption
-recycle, reuse
-use water efficiently
-turn off lights, computers, & TVs when not using
-plant community gardens
-plant trees
-advocate
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
17 goals related to poverty reduction and the measuring & improving of determinants of health and wellbeing
work towards the global good
Declaration of Alma-Ata
goal was health for all
focus on social and structural inequities, support primary care that was equity oriented and also change the way that we pay for it and the way we think about it
change from consumer service to community service
