OB exam 1- Repro Health & Fam Flashcards
mons pubis
protects pelvic bone
labia majora
protects underlying tissue
labia minora
inner folds of skin that protect the opening of the vagina and produce bactericidal secretions
clitoris
female erectile tissue
urethral meatus
the structure urine comes out of
skene’s glands
lubricates the vaginal opening
hymen
surrounds vaginal opening
perineal body
fibromuscular area of the vulva between the anus and vagina that stretches for delivery
vagina
a muscular membranous tube that connects the external genitals w/ the uterus “birth canal”
fundus of the uterus
the rounded muscular upper portion of the uterus that we massage after birth to control bleeding
anterior fornix
the area closer to the front of mom’s body
posterior fornix
the area around the cervix where semen can pool and collect near the backside of mom’s body
when not pregnant, the female uterus is typically tilted in what direction
posterior then as pregnancy goes on it moves more anteriorly
where does implantation of the fertilized egg occur
endometrium (the inner most layer)
broad ligament
the sheet that covers the pelvic cavity to help provide stability for the uterus in the pelvis and keeps it centrally placed
round ligament
help keeps the uterus in place and pulls the uterus down & forward to help the fetal presenting part get into the cervix in a good position bounces -> pulls up and down which can cause pain
cardinal ligament
chief uterine support helps suspend the uterus in the true pelvis which helps the uterus from prolapsing into the vagina
if prolapse occurs, think cardinal dysfunction
what is a common reason for prolapsing of the uterus
when the mother has a history of having large babies bc the ligaments become more stretched
isthmus
connects fallopian tube to the uterus
what we cut when a women gets her tubes tied
ampulla
the site where fertilization occurs
fimbriae
finger like projections that help to reach in and grab the egg to bring into the fallopian tube
ovaries
holds all the women’s egg and helps control hormones
what is the primary source for estrogen and progesterone before pregnancy
the ovaries
what is the primary source of progesterone once pregnant
the placenta once formed
what is a complication if progesterone levels are low
women struggle to get pregnant and/or struggles to maintain pregnancy
false pelvis
supports the weight of an enlarged pregnant uterus and helps to direct the fetus into the true pelvis the hips
true pelvis
the size must be adequate for the baby to pass through to allow for a vaginal delivery if not then cephalic pelvic disproportion
made up of the pelvic: inlet, cavity & outlet
pelvic inlet
determines if engagement of the baby’s head can occur
pelvic cavity
the curved bath
pelvic outlet
can the baby pass through the pubic arch and if not then can have outlet or shoulder dystocia
ischial spine
narrowest part of the bony pelvis and plays a role in fetal station determines if the baby can be delivered vaginally (part of the true pelvis)
breast reduction & implants and breastfeeding
breast reductions takes tissue so it will make it harder to BF but it is still possible with lots of stimulation feed more often & pump
implants add to the breast so do not cause a problem
estrogen
female like characteristics breasts, widening of hips & uterus, increases body hair and sexual desire
progesterone
stabilizes uterus for implantation after fertilization, makes cervix secrete thick protective mucus, involved with lactation & increased breast granular tissue
prostaglandins
fatty acids that work together to both relax then constrict smooth muscles in the arteries
FSH
“follicle stimulating hormone” helps egg follicle to mature
LH
“luteinizing hormone” causes a decrease in estrogen production while allowing progesterone’ secretions to continue
what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle
follicular (days 1-14)
Luteal phase (days 15-28)
follicular phase
-immature follicle matures (producing egg) as result of FSH & estrogen
-Oocyte grows in follicle
-ovum (mature egg) discharged into fimbria of fallopian tube
at the same time, the endometrial lining will shed (menstrual phase) and then build back up (prolif pahse)
luteal phase
-ovum leaves follicle
-ovum remains in ampulla if fertilized
-reaches uterus in 72-96 hrs after release then implants into endometrium & secrets human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
if not fertilized, ischemic phase
if fertilized, secretory phase
what days in a 28 day cycle is a women most fertile
days 13-15 during ovulation
what is day 1 of a cycle
the first day of bleeding
what day in a 28 day cycle is considered ovulation
day 14
in the proliferative phase, what change occurs to the women’s discharge to make it better for sperm
cervical mucus will become more elastic, thin and clear
if the egg is fertilized, what will the follicle turn into
the corpus luteum and will produce progesterone to support the pregnancy until the placenta is developed
secretory phase
after ovulation & fertilization has occurred, progesterone causes marked swelling of epithelium, vascularity of uterus increases to provide nourishing bed for implantation
four phases of the menstrual cycle
1) menstrual
2) proliferative
3) secretory
4) ischemic
when does the ischemic phase occur and what happens
happens if fertilization/implantation does not occur -> estrogen and progesterone levels decrease, corpus luteum degenerates and bleeding occurs AKA start of menstrual phase
what is the purpose of the male scrotum
protect and control temperature of sperm
where is sperm produced
the testes
how long are the ova fertile after ovulation
12-24 hours
how long does sperm live
48-72 hours
how many chromosomes from each sperm and egg
23
female = XX
male = XY
when chromosomes pair up what are they called
diploid zygote (46 chromosomes)
mitosis
-growth and tissue repair
-process by which our body cells divide and replace themselves
-exact copies of original cell
meiosis
process leading to development of egg & sperm to create a complete embryo
occurs during gametogenesis
of the sac attached to the placenta, what is the inner and outer layer
inner: amnion
outer: chorion
what provides nutrition to the fetus until placenta takes over
the yolk sac (first 12 wks)
polyhydramnios
have more fluid than anticipating for either GA or >2000ml seen in twin pregnancy’s or in mothers w/ uncontrolled DM
Oligohydramnios
less than 400ml of amniotic fluid or when AFI is less than 5 (normal is 5-25) seen w/ htn, kidney issue w/ baby or bladder obstruction
placental function
-immunologic properties
-excretion
-fetal respiration
-production fetal nutrients
-production of hormones
twins: two separate eggs each fertilized by a different sperm
fraternal
twins: one egg that is fertilized by the same sperm that then splits
identical
twins: one egg fertilized by one sperm and then the blastocyst divides around day 5, fetuses share a chorion and placenta but each have their own bag of water
identical mono/di
twins: two eggs, two sperms and the blastocyst divides quickly creating two water bags and two chorion
fraternal di/di
twins: one egg, one sperm and the blastocyst divides quickly creating two water bags and two chorion w/ a fused placenta
identical di/di
risk is that one baby hogs the placenta
twins: one egg, one sperm and the blastocyst divides around days 8-12, fetuses share a chorion and water bag
identical mono/mono
high risk for cord tangling
functions of amniotic fluid
-cushions
-controls temp
-allows movement
-can be analyzed
-promotes G&D esp lungs
what L/S indicates the baby’s lungs have matured
> / 2:1
umbilical cord structure
2 arteries: carries deoxygenated blood and waste from baby to placenta
1 vein: carries oxygenated blood from placenta to baby
embryonic development: week 4
-heart beat
-arm & leg buds are present
-somites develope (vertebrae)
-primary lung buds present
-eyes and ears begin to form
embryonic development: week 6
-body is straighter
-trachea developed
-nares present
-liver produces blood cells
-heart begins circulating blood
-digits develop
-tails begins to recede
embryonic development: week 12
-spontaneous movements
-face well dev
-eyelids closed
-tooth buds appear
-genitals are well differentiated
-urine is produced
-fetal heart tones w/ doppler
embryonic development: week 20
-fetal movement felt by mother
-brown fat
-vernix begins to form
-lanugo over entire body
-nipples and nails are present
-fetal heartbeat head by fetoscope
embryonic development: week 24
-eyes complete
-vernix caseosa covers skin
-alveoli beginning to form
-both grasp & startle reflex
-finger & foot prints
considered viable at this stage
embryonic development: week 28
-brain develops rapidly
-nervous system begins to regulate
-eyelids open
-testes begin to descend
-lungs can provide gas exchange
embryonic development: week 36
-increase in subcutaneous fat
-lanugo begins to disappear
embryonic development: week 38
-official full term (37 is term)
-skin smooth & polished
-vernix caseosa only in creases and folds
-head bigger than chest
