O-chem 1 Flashcards
How do you calculate ring strain?
Angle strain+torsional strain
Between two substituents what determines the degree of steric hindrance?
The size or bulkiness of the ELECTRON CLOUD, not just the mass
What is torsional strain?
The strain due to groups on adjacent carbons
What is non-bonding strain?
Strain due to groups that are more than one carbon away
What are the Fischer projection conventions?
Horizontal=wedge (out of screen)
Vertical=dashes (into page)
Should you redraw things in the exam?
99% of the time try to AVOID redrawing.
–Work with what they give you for times sake
What is required to classify something as an enantiomer?
All chiral centers must be opposite
What is required to classify something as an diasteromer?
At least one chiral center (but not all) must be switched
Can meso compounds have an enantiomer
NO, b/c the mirror image of a meso compound is the same molecule
What is a good way to remember the E and Z confirmations?
E-enemies , therefore opposite sides
Z-zame side
What affects boiling point?
Strength of intermolecular forces, molecular weight, and POLARITY (a net dipole moment will increase boiling point)
What does a geometric isomer refer to?
Cis or trans
E or Z
How can you make a leaving group better in the beginning?
Protonate it
Can protic solvents hydrogen bond?
YES, remember hydrogen bonds with FON
What is the Zaitsev’s rule?
In a beta elimination, the most highly substituted alkene will be the major product
Does I2 react in a radical reaction?
NO
What are the four components in the IUPAC system for naming an organic molecule?
Locants–Substituents prefixes–Parent–Suffix
Locants: the numbers that tell where the principal functional groups are located on the main chain or ring
Suffix: identifies the compounds principal functional group
What is the IUPAC suffix for carboxylic acid?
-oic acid
What is the IUPAC suffix for an Ester?
-oate
What is the IUPAC suffix for an Acyl halide?
-oyl halide
What is the IUPAC suffix for a Nitrile?
-nitrile
What is the IUPAC suffix for an Amine?
-amine
What is the IUPAC suffix for a Ketone?
-one
What is the IUPAC suffix for an Amide?
-amide
What is the IUPAC prefix for an Amine?
amino-
What is the IUPAC prefix for Carboxylic acid?
carboxy-
What is the IUPAC prefix for an Amide?
amido-
What is the IUPAC prefix for an Aldehyde?
oxo-
What is the IUPAC prefix for an Alcohol?
hydroxy-
What is the IUPAC prefix for a Ketone?
oxo- / keto-
What is the IUPAC prefix for a Nitrile/Cyanide?
cyano-
What is the IUPAC prefix for an Acyl halide?
halocarbonyl-
What is the IUPAC prefix for an Ester?
alkoxycarbonyl-
What is the name of a 12-carbon parents chain?
dodecane
What type of solvent favors an E1 reaction?
Polar protic solvents (these solvents stabilize the carbocation intermediate)
What conditions favor E1 reactions?
- -Protic solvents
- -Highly substituted carbons
- -Good L.G.
- -Weak Nu
What conditions favor E2 reactions?
- -Strong, bulky base
- -Highly substituted carbons
- -Temperature
What is the Hoffman rule?
When the LESS substituted double bond is created in an elimination reaction
–E2 usually favors the formation of the MORE substituted double bond, but under certain conditions (very bulky base and highly substituted carbons
In what order do alcohols most easily undergo dehydration elimination reactions?
Tertiary > Secondary > Primary
What types of conditions or substances produce free radicals, and what type of addition reaction do molecules with the radicals undergo?
–Light
–Peroxide
Anti-markovnikov