Biology 1 Flashcards
What are the five classification kingdoms?
Remember FAMPP Fungi Animalia Monera Protista Plantae
What is the last enzyme used in cellular respiration?
Cytochrome C
How many molecules of ATP are produced by one molecule of glucose?
36
If two individuals with the genotype AaBbCc mate, what is the probability that they will produce an offspring with the genotype AABBCC?
1/64
Just remember that it is (1/4)(1/4)(1/4)
What type of cells make up the myelin sheath of PNS neurons?
Schwann cells
Why do signals travel faster through myelinated neurons than through non-myelinated neurons?
The membrane is insulated by the myelin sheath and is permeable only in the nodes of Ranvier. This causes the action potential to “jump” from node to node.
What is another name for the cell body of a neuron?
Soma
What are the gaps between segments of myelin called?
Nodes of Ranvier
What two structures make up the synaptic cleft?
The synaptic terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another
Different axons propagate action potentials at different speeds. What are the two causes for the change in impulse velocity?
The greater diameter of an axon and the more heavily it is myelinated, the faster the impulse travels
If the functions of acetylcholinesterase are inhibited what is the end effect on a muscle?
No coordinated muscle contractions can take place
What happens to NAD+ during glycolysis?
It is reduced to NADH. If oxygen is available, NADH will donate electrons to the Electron Transport Chain to promote ATP synthesis.
How many ATP are created from each NADH created during glycolysis?
2 ATP
How many ATP are created from each NADH created during the Krebs cycle?
3 ATP
What is the final product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
What were five of the main raw materials in the “primordial soup” which helped create simple biomolecules?
Water Hydrogen Ammonia Methane Salt
What simple biomolecules were likely created in the primordial soup?
Sugars
Amino Acids
Nucleotides
What happens during telophase?
Telophase is the final step in cell division (for both mitotic and meiotic).
Cytokinesis occurs during telophase
What do mutases do?
Remove erroneous nucleotides from DNA
What do esterases do?
Break ester bonds (a lipase would be considered an esterase, because lipids are composed of an alcohol (glycerol) bonded to three fatty acids)
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. “In any process the total energy of the universe remains constant.”
What is pyruvate converted to after glycolysis?
Acetyl Coenzyme A
What does non-cyclic phosphorylation produce (what are the end products of the light reactions?
First, non-cyclic electron flow is the key pathway for light reactions.
ATP, NADPH, oxygen, and a proton gradient are produced (NADP+ is very similar to NAD+ in cellular respiration)
What kingdom are bacteria part of?
Monera
–>Characteristic of no membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
What kingdom are amoeba part of?
Protista
- ->Can be both eukaryotic single-celled, or eukaryotic multi-cellular colonies with no differentiation of specialized tissue organisms
- ->Have both plant and animal-like traits
What kingdom are yeast part of?
Fungi
–>Fungi can be thought of as non-photosynthetic plants
What is the taxonomic hierarchal order from largest to smallest grouping?
Say "KiPSCOFoGuS, KPSCOFGS) Kingdom Phylum / Division Sub-phylum / Sub-division Class Order Family Genus Species
Are viruses part of a kingdom, and if so, which one?
NO, viruses have not been placed in any of the five kingdoms
What are Platyhelminthes?
worms (which have a one-way digestive tract)
What kingdom are Platyhelminthes part of?
Animalia
What are some key characteristics of the Fungi kingdom?
- -Eukaryotic
- -Multi-cellular
- -Differentiated
- -Non-motile
- -Sexual and Asexual reproduction
- -Are either saprophytic (bread mold), or parasitic (athletes foot)
What are the cell wall of plants made of?
Cellulose
What are the cell walls of fungi made of?
Chitin
What are the cell walls of bacteria made of?
Peptidoglycan
What is the morula?
A solid ball of cells early in embryonic development
What is a blastula?
A sphere of cells with a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel
What three molecules can diffuse through the membranes of the alveoli?
CO2
O2
H2O
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?
P^2 +2PQ + Q^2 = 1
P=frequency of dominant allele
Q=frequency of recessive allele
During oxygen debt what happens to pyruvate?
It is converted to lactate (anaerobic respiration)
What tissues develop from the ECTODERM?
Nervous system (including retina)
Epidermis
Lens of eye
Inner ear
What tissues develop from the ENDODERM?
Lining of digestive tract (and organs associated with digestion) Lungs Liver Pancreas Thyroid Bladder lining
What tissues develop from the MESODERM?
Muscles Skeleton Circulatory system (including the HEART) Gonads Kidney -->pretty much everything that the ectoderm and endoderm don't become
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
- -To transfer heat from a cooler object to a warmer object requires work
- -The entropy of a system remains either unchanged or increases
What is the lymphatic system?
It is a secondary circulatory system distinct from the cardiovascular system. Lymph vessels transport excess interstitial fluid (called lymph) to the cardiovascular system to maintain fluid levels.
What are lymph nodes?
Swellings along lymph vessels containing leukocytes which filter the lymph
Through which structure does the lymphatic system return fluid to the central circulatory system?
Thoracic duct, which empties near the superior vena cava
True/False Lymphatic vessels have the same anatomy as veins?
TRUE
Both have one-way valves and ARE NOT lined with smooth muscle
What is commensalism?
A symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other is neither benefited nor harmed
What is parasitism?
Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits at the expense of the another
What are saprophytes?
Decomposers that absorb their nutrients from dead organic matter?
What is an arthropod?
An invertebrate animal such as an insect, spider, or crustacean
What are the cell walls of arthropods made of?
Chitin
What is chitin?
A polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of fungi and arthropods
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
In both the Krebs cycle and in the ETC
How many ATP are created from each FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?
2 ATP
How many ATP are created from each NADH during oxidative phosphorylation?
3 ATP
How do enzymes increase the rate of a reaction?
By decreasing the activation energy
What is induction as it relates to embryonic development?
The process by which the presence of one tissue influences the development of others. Certain tissues, especially in very young embryos, have the potential to direct the differentiation of adjacent cells
Does inbreeding cause an increase or decrease in the expression of recessive traits?
INCREASE
From smallest to largest what is the correct sequence of biological organization levels?
Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere
What is binary fission?
Binary fission, meaning “division in half”, refers to a method of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells.
How is genetic variability created in bacteria even though they reproduce asexually?
Transformation
Conjugation
Transduction
What is transformation as it relates to bacterial reproduction?
The process by which a foreign chromosome fragment (plasmid) is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome via recombination.
What is conjugation as it relates to bacterial reproduction?
Certain bacteria can join with other bacteria via a conjugation bridge and exchange genetic material. These bacteria have sex factors that can be replicated and given to bacteria without the factors (F+ bacteria transfer the sex factor to bacteria without it, F- , making them into F+)
What is transduction as it relates to bacteria?
Fragments of the bacterial chromosome are packaged into viral progeny made during viral infection. These viruses may infect other bacteria introducing new genetic material from the previous host.
What is recombination?
The rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms (as occurs when bacteriophages infect bacteria)
What is an open circulatory system?
- -The circulatory system of most invertebrates (mollusks, arthropods, etc). It is a system in which a fluid in a cavity called the hemocoel bathes cells (of tissues and organs) directly with fluid containing oxygen and nutrients.
- -There is no distinction between blood and interstitial fluid; this combined fluid is called hemolymph
- -Fluid is NOT contained in veins
What is budding?
Replication of the nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis (although both cells are identical, the daughter cell is smaller).
–Budding occurs in hydra and yeast
What four general types of bacteria are vital to the nitrogen cycle?
Decay, nitrifying, denitrifying, and nitrogen fixing
Other than nitrogen fixing bacteria, what else helps to fix nitrogen?
Lightning
Volcanoes release some nitrates
What is succession?
The gradual and orderly process of ecosystem development brought about by changes in community composition and the production of a climax characteristic of a particular geographic region
What is primary succession?
Occurs when no previous organisms existed.
Ex: A new island formed from volcanic activity and life migrates to it
What is secondary succession?
Occurs where the existing community is removed
Ex: After a fire
What is ecological succession?
Changes occur due to the current community making their environment less favorable for themselves, and more favorable for the community that will follow
What is a pioneer community?
The first community to inhabit an area, or re-establish an area.
What are the five categories of biomes?
Think triple T, double D Tundra Taiga Tropical Rain Forest Desert Deciduous/Temperate Forest
What constitutes the biosphere?
The atsmosphere, lithosphere (soil and rock), and the hydrosphere (oceans).
What is characteristic of the Taiga?
The spruce tree
Taigas exist in the northern parts of Canada and Russia
What is characteristic of the Tundra?
Very short growing season
Long, dark winters
Very little precipitation
What five criteria must be met in order to apply the Hardy-Weinberg Principle?
- Population must be very large
- There are no mutations that affect the gene pool
- Mating is random
- No net migration into or out of population
- The genes are all equally successful at reproducing
What does it mean when a bacteria is competent?
Competence is the ability of a cell to take up extracellular DNA from its environment.
What is a community?
A group of plants and animals living and interacting with one another in a specific region and are relatively similar environment conditions
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
Everything inside the cell membrane except the nucleus
What is cytosol?
The fluid component of the cytoplasm containing free proteins, nutrients, and other solutes
What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?
The theory that mitochondria are the result of an early prokaryotic cell symbiotic relationship with early eukaryotic cells
What are some of the major toxins that can affect the nervous system?
??
What are some of the major toxins that can affect ATP production?
??
What is glycosylation?
The process of adding sugar groups to some newly formed proteins in the Golgi Apparatus
What are the basic claims of Lamarckian evolution?
- -The amount of change of an organ, appendage, etc. is based on use or disuse
- -Any useful characteristic ACQUIRED in one generation is passed on to the next generation (but we know if a mouse gets its tail cut off, its offspring still have tails)
TRUE/FALSE: Only phenotypes are acted on by selection, so heterozygotes serve as a reservoir of recessive alleles that may be adaptive in a different environment
TRUE
What is the sporophyte and gametophyte in plants?
The sporophyte is the diploid generation, while the gametophyte is the haploid generation
In most plants does the sporophyte or the gametophyte generation dominate? Also, give an example of one exception.
Sporophyte
Mosses are an exception to this trend
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants
What is the stamens?
The stamen is the male organ of the flower and consists of the thin stock like filament with a terminal sac called the anther
What is the pistil?
The female organ of the flower consisting of three parts:
- -stigma: sticky top that catches pollen
- -style: tube-like structure connecting the stigma to the ovary
- -ovary: the enlarge base of the pistol containing one or more ovules (each ovule contains a monoploid egg nucleus)
What are sepals?
The green leaves that cover and protect the flower bud, and also surround the petals after the flower blooms
How is an endosperm formed and what is its function?
When the sperm nuclei enter the embryo sac one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form the diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar body nuclei to form the endosperm (triploid)
–The endosperm provides food for the embryonic plant
What types of organisms reproduce through binary fission?
Prokaryotic organisms
–this is a simple form of asexual reproduction
What is parthenogenesis?
The development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism
What are meristems?
Undifferentiated tissue cells in plants
What are the components of the structure in which an embryo develops outside of the mothers body?
Remember YAACS
Yolk sac: encloses the yolk, contains blood vessels
Amnion and Amnionic fluid
Allantois: involved in respiration and excretion, contains blood vessels to transport gases, water, salt, and waste
Chorion: lines the inside of the shell, and permits gas
Shell
What are some examples of organisms which develop inside their mother without a placenta?
Marsupials, some fish
What structures do plant embryos consist of?
Remember ETCHES
Epicotyl: precursor of the upper stem and leaves
Cotyledons: seed leaves. Dicots have to two seed leaves, while monocots have one
Hypocotyl: develops into the lower stem and root
Endosperm: feeds the embryo. In dicots, the cotyledon absorbs the endosperm
Seed coat: develops from the outer covering of the ovule (the seed coat and embryo together comprise the seed)
What two kinds of meristem cells are there?
Apical meristem: found in the tips of roots and stems, growth in length occurs here
Lateral meristem (cambium): located between the xylem and phloem, and permits growth in diameter. Can differentiate into both xylem or phloem cells
Name and classify the marine biomes?
Remember APLI (because these biomes are “aptly” named). Algae reside in all of these areas except the aphotic zone
Aphotic: No light penetrates here, deep and open ocean
Photic: Light penetrates here in the open ocean
Littoral: The continental shelf with depths up to 600 ft
Intertidal: low tide region
