Hormones Flashcards
What hormones are produced by the ANTERIOR pituitary?
Remember AP-FLATPEG: FSH LH ACTH TSH Prolactin Endorphins Growth Hormone
What hormones are produced by the HYPOTHALAMUS and stored in the POSTERIOR pituitary?
Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH)
What hormones are produced by the THYROID?
Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) Calcitonin
What hormone is produced by the PARATHYROID?
Parathyroid Hormone
What hormones are produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX?
Remember: SUGAR, SALT, SEX
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
Androgens
What hormones are produced by the ADRENAL MEDULLA?
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
What hormones are produced by the PANCREAS?
Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin
What hormones are produced by the TESTES?
Testosterone
What hormones are produced by the OVARY / PLACENTA?
Estrogen
Progesterone
What hormones are produced by the PINEAL?
Melatonin
What hormones are produced by the HEART?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
What hormones are produced by the THYMUS?
Thymosin
What is the difference between a direct hormone and a tropic hormone ?
- -Direct hormones directly stimulate their target organs
- -Tropic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands causing the release of other hormones
What does somatostatin do?
Inhibits growth hormone
When, where, and why are progesterone produced?
Known as the “pro-gestational” hormone
Following ovulation, LH causes the formation of the corpus leuteum, which secretes estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone inhibits GnRH, thus inhibiting LH and FSH to prevent more follicles from maturing.
What are the three corticosteroids, what are they made from, and where are they produced?
Glucocorticoids (like cortisol), mineralcorticoids (like aldosterone), and sex hormones
Made from cholesterol
When is cortisol produced?
In response to stress, hypoglycemia, injury, or infection
Helps reduce inflammatory response as well
Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?
Beta cells
Which types of hormones can float freely in the blood, and where do they bind?
Peptide hormones
They bind to extra cellular receptors causing second messengers to relay their message inside the cell. This causes the cascade effect, where the hormones effects are amplified throughout the cell
What are some examples of peptide hormones?
ADH
Insulin
Are peptide hormones fast or slow acting and long or short lived?
Fast acting and short lived
Where do steroid hormones bind?
To specific intracellular proteins in the cytoplasm. This receptor-hormone complex then enters the nucleus and directly regulates specific genes
What are some examples of steroid hormones?
Basically all the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland: Testosterone Estrogen Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticoids
Of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary, which are tropic and which are direct?
The FLAT hormones are tropic
The PEG hormones are direct
Which hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)
ACTH-RF: stimulate the release of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
Dopamine: inhibits prolactin
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
Somatostatin: suppresses the release of insulin and glucagon
What does cortisol do?
- -Causes glucose formation from protein and fat
- -Decreases the utilization of glucose by organs other than the brain and heart
- -Suppresses the immune system
- -Increases psychological state of stress
What can an overproduction of growth hormone lead to?
Hyperglycemia (glucose is being used to fuel the additional growth)
Where is THYMOSIN secreted from and what is its function?
It is secreted from the thymus and stimulates pre-T cells to mature
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine derived from?
An amino-acid compound called:
Catecholamines
