Nutrition & Reproduction

Question 1

reproduction

Answer 1

the biological process by which new “offspring” are produced from their “parents”

• Produce adequate virile sperm & eggs
• Produce a healthy offspring
• Nurture the offspring until it can be independent

evolutionary:
you offspring produces offspring

Question 2

placenta

Answer 2

the organ that exchanges nutrients and wastes between mom and baby

Question 3

gestation

Answer 3

is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside female viviparous animals, including mammals, as well as some non-mammalian species

Question 4

lactation

Answer 4

production & secretion of milk

Question 5

stages of human development

Answer 5

1. zygote
   weeks 0-2
   until implantation
2. embryo
   weeks 2-8
   Cell differentiation
   External and internal body structures formed
   High risk of damage
3. fetus
   week 9 (growth!)
4. infant
   after birth
   32-42 weeks

• “pre-term”
  born before 37 weeks
• Low birth weight
  less than 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs)
• Small for Gestational Age
• Born at term, but smaller than average

Question 6

what happening to mom?

Answer 6

• Growth of adipose, breast, uterine tissues
  Increase blood volume
  Slower GI motility

Question 7

energy needs

Answer 7

1st Trimester
Balanced and adequate diet during the first trimester
2nd trimester
+ 340 kcal/day
3rd trimester
+ 450 kcal/day
MAIN GOAL: Must have adequate
weight gain

Question 8

nutrient needs

Answer 8

• Protein RDA
  1.1 g/kg or + 25 g/day during the second half of
  pregnancy
• Carbohydrate RDA
  + 45 g/day
• Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids needed
  for fetal development

Question 9

inability to reproduce can be caused by…

Answer 9

• Nutritional Deficiency Issues related to:
  Insufficient levels of feed intake and quality of
  nutrients
  Not meeting high demands of the body’s
  metabolism due to fertility, pregnancy,
  lactation, and other events involved in
  reproduction
• Poor or obese condition can reduce reproductive
  efficiency.
  Lack of condition can cause poor
  reproductive performance
  Excess fatty deposits, as is seen in obesity,
  collect in and around the reproductive
  organs, impairing function and productivity

Question 10

inability to reproduce with a lack of vitamins can cause….

Answer 10

• Vitamin E (also known as fertility vitamin or antisterility factor in past)
   poor conception rates
   higher incidence of stillbirths and newborn
  mortality
• Vitamin A
   shortened periods of gestation
   abortions, stillbirths, higher incidence of
  retained placentas, mastitis
   weak, dead or malformed offspring
   calves born blind and uncoordinated
• Β-carotene
   corpus luteum development (embryo survival)
   retained placenta, decreased milk yield
• Calcium
   increased calving difficulty
   uterine prolapse
   retained placenta

Question 11

phosphoruos

Answer 11

 poor conception rates
 delayed puberty
 lower weaning rates
 erratic heat

Question 12

cobalt

Answer 12

 anestrus
 poor conception rates
 general reproductive failure

Question 13

copper

Answer 13

 delayed puberty
 anestrus
 abortion
 retained placentas

Question 14

iodine

Answer 14

 delayed puberty, irregular or suppressed heat,
 slowed fetal development
 retained placentas, abortion, stillbirths
 blind and hairless calves
 enlarged thyroid glands

Question 15

iron

Answer 15

 general reproductive failure
 anemic young

Question 16

folic acid

Answer 16

 neural tube defect

Question 17

manganese

Answer 17

 irregular or suppressed heat

Question 18

anti-nutritional factors

Answer 18

 Gossypol (in cotton seed)
 Ergot alkaloid (Tall Fescue infected with
microscopic fungi)

Question 19

water

Answer 19

 decreased milk production