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ANSC 244: Nutrition > Minerals & vitamins > Flashcards

Minerals & vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

what function is minerals & vitamins?

A

minerals -> regulatory & structural

vitamins -> regulatory

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2
Q

what are minerals?

A
  • inorganic compounds that are not synthesized by the body
  • needed in very small quantities
  • many are toxic, even at a low level intake
  • NOT changed by metabolism & digestion
  • IMPORTANT: biochemical process & formation of cells/tissues
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3
Q

minerals in feed

A
  • found in ALL feedstuff
  • more reliably found in animal products
  • sometimes substances in foods decrease the absorption of minerals:
    • oxalate (found in spinach, beets, celery, pecans,
      peanuts, teas, cocoa) ->can bind to calcium
      and form an insoluble complex
    • phytate (a form of phosphorus in plants)
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4
Q

what is the total body weight percent?

A

4% of minerals

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5
Q

what are the general functions of minerals?

A
  • involved in body structure components of hormones, vitamins, or other compounds
    • Ca, P, Mg
    • 99% of Ca found in bones & teeth
  • involved in acid-base & water balance
    • Na, P, K, Cl
    • maintenance of pH 7.35-7.40
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6
Q

what are minerals components or activators of…

A
  • enzymes
  • compounds involved in biochemical reactions
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7
Q

examples of mineral interactions…

A
  • excess of phosphorous impairs calcium absorption
  • excess manganese can induce iron deficiency
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8
Q

anatogonism

A

decreased availability of nutrient to a plant due to the action of another nutrient

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9
Q

stimulation

A

high level of nutrients increases the demand by the plant for another nutrient

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10
Q

mineral deficiencies & excesses

A
  • most minerals have an optimal range
    • BELOW leads to the deficiency symptoms
    • ABOVE leads to toxicity symptoms
  • mineral content of the soil dictates mineral status for plants
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11
Q

macro-minerals

A

major minerals:
- Ca, P, K, Cl, Mg, Na, S

functions:
- structural
- nerve
- electrolytes
- osmotic balance

included as -> % in diet

present in body tissues of a concentration of >50 mg/kg

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12
Q

micro-minerals

A

micro or a trace of minerals:
- Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Zn, Se, Mo, etc…

functions:
- enzyme co-factor or component

included as -> ppm or ppb

present in body tissues at concentrations <50 mg/kg

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13
Q

do animals have different absorption of minerals?

A

yes!

example: nocturnal animals have a different mineral absorption for vitamin D

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14
Q

calcium

A
  • most abundant mineral in the body
  • calcium weight:
    • infant-> 400mg/kg
    • adult -> 950mg/kg
  • functions:
    • bone matrix
    • nerve function
    • blood clotting
    • muscle contraction
    • cellular metabolism
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15
Q

physiological functions of calcium

A

OBVIOUS
- skeletal growth & mineralization

LESS OBVIOUS
- muscle contraction (heart)
- blood coagulation
- neuromuscular transmission

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16
Q

intracellular calcium

A
  • muscle contraction
  • hormone secretion
  • glycogen metabolism
  • cell division
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17
Q

extracellular calcium

A
  • maintain I/C calcium
  • bone mineralization
  • blood coagulation
  • plasma membrane potential
18
Q

what is bone development? what cells are contributed?

A
  • growing and breaking down bone growth
  • osteoblasts: form new bone cells
  • osteoclasts: break down bone cells
  • osteocytes: mature bone cells
19
Q

2 types of hypocalcemia conditions

A
  1. rickets
    • children / growing animals
  2. osteomalacia
    • adult human/animals
  • reduced growth or production rate
    • egg-shell strength
  • milk fever (mostly cows)
    • in lactating animals
20
Q

what are 2 hormones for calcium homeostasis?

A

major roles in calcium homeostasis in mammals!

  1. calcitonin
    secreted by the thyroid gland and stimulates Ca2+ in the bones. secretion by the kidneys = lowering blood Ca2+ levels
  2. PTH (parathyroid hormone)
    secreted by parathyroid glands -> has opposite effects on the bones. kidneys = raises Ca2+ levels
21
Q

calcium regulation

A
  • too low -> death
    • too high -> death

regulated by:
- vitamin D3 (kidney)
- calcitonin
- parathyroid hormone

22
Q

rickets

A
  • in children & growing animals
  • Defective mineralization in both bone and cartilage of epiphyseal growth plate
  • Soft (spongy, poorly mineralized) bones
  • Bowing bones
  • Due to low Vitamin D
  • Lack of calcium
23
Q

osteocalcemia

A
  • adult rickets
  • disorder found in mature adult bones, in which mineralization of new osteoid bone is inadequate or delayed
  • brittle bones
  • due to low vitamin D
  • lack of calcium
24
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • bone resorption&raquo_space; bone deposition
    (decrease in bone density)
  • lack of estrogen
  • lack of exercise
  • inadequate Ca & P
  • abnormal vit. D metabolism
  • loss of muscles
  • increase risk for fracture
25
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • “arthritis” -> pain
  • chronic inflammation of the cartilage
  • normal age changes due to decreased blood supply
  • trauma
26
Q

what fluid helps reduce the friction between the bone joints?

A

synovial fluid

27
Q

hypocalcemia in animals

A
  • metabolic disease at/after parturition -> dairy cows
    • decrease in serum Ca levels
  • symptoms:
    • lack of appetite
    • staggers or weaves when walking
    • lies down in a characteristic pose (head retraction)
  • solution:
    • I/V calcium solutions
    • Ca2+ MUST be injected at slow rate
28
Q

what is another compound similar to calcium? what are its functions?

A

phosphorous

  • component of bones/teeth
    • 80% in bone
    • 20% in soft tissue
  • important to energy metabolism
    - ATP, ADP, AMP
  • acid-base balance
  • regulation of metabolism
29
Q

phosphorus deficiency

A

similar to calcium deficiency
- pica (depraved appetite): chewing of wood fences, bones, soil
- low fertility & poor milk production or growth

30
Q

magnesium

A
  • Functions
     Bone formation
    * ~60% in bone
     Enzyme activation
    * Carbohydrate, lipid metabolism
    * Urea cycle
     Binds mRNA to ribosomes
     Associated with ATP metabolism
31
Q

magnesium deficiency

A

Grass Tetany
Hypomagnesemia in ruminants
* Usually following lush spring growth
* Fertilizing with K or N make it worse
Symptoms: muscular twitching, collapse,
convulsion

32
Q

iodine deficiency

A

“Goiter” enlarged thyroid gland
 Plants have “goitrogens” (goiter creating),
block use of iodine
Reduced growth
Impaired reproduction- dead, weak or
hairless young

33
Q

vitamins

A
  • Essential organic compounds required in
    very small amounts (micrograms to
    milligrams) involved in fundamental
    functions of the body
    Unrelated chemically
  • mostly from outside of the body
34
Q

functions of vitamins

A
  • Not metabolic fuels (like glucose or fatty acids) or structural nutrients (like amino acids)
     Function strictly as individual units
     Not connected like molecules of glucose, fatty
    acids and amino acids
     Regulators (catalysts) of reactions, some of
    which are involved in energy metabolism
35
Q

what are the “specific” functions of vitamins?

A

Specific functions include:

 Nurture growth; reproduction; maintain life
 Prevent deficiency diseases
 Help the enzymes that release energy from
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

DO NOT PROVIDE ENERGY

36
Q

synthesis of vitamins

A
  • All vitamins are metabolically essential but not all
    required in the diet
  • Vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body in
    adequate amounts to meet needs
  • bacterial synthesis
  • most vitamins can be synthesized by precursors
  • most mammals can synthesize vit. C (NOT primates or guinea pigs)
37
Q

provitamins

A

Some function as vitamins after
undergoing a chemical change

example:
B-carotene -> vit.A

38
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E, & K

  • dissolve in lipids and can be stored until needed
  • 40-90% absorption efficiency
  • Liver either stores the vitamin or repackages it for
    delivery to other cells
    - excess fat-soluble vitamins accumulate in liver
    and adipose tissue
39
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins B & C

  • Dissolve in water, absorbed into the bloodstream
    immediately. Can not be stored, so must supply regularly
  • stored across the small intestine
  • typically not stored: instead, the kidney filters excess into
    urine
  • absorbed directly into blood
40
Q

how animals obtain vitamins?

A
  • complex ruminants synthesize vitamins in the rumen
  • other animals via feed:
    Vit A = Green forages and corn
    Vit D = Sun-cured forages
    Vit E = Whole grain, green forage, high quality hay
    Vit K = Green leafy forage, fish meal
    Vit C = Supplemented in feed ration
41
Q

forms of vit. D

A

D2- present in plants
D3- present in skin of animals

42
Q

vitamin D deficiency

A

Young animals
 Rickets
* Failure of bones to grow properly
* Results in “bowed” legs or knock-knees, outward
bowed chest and knobs on ribs
 Older animals
 Osteomalacia: Adult form of rickets
* Softening of bones, bending of spine, and
bowing of legs
 Osteoporosis (porous bones):
* Vitamin D plays a major role along with calcium
* Loss of vitamin D activity with advancing age
* Associated with fractures
 very serious for geriatrics
 Poultry
 Decreased egg production & hatchability
 Thin-shelled eggs

ANSC 244: Nutrition (10 decks)

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