Energy Flashcards
energy
the capacity of performing work and production
- mechanical work
- formation of substrates
- active transport
- transport of genetic information
- maintenance
bio-energetics
study of energy supply, utilization, and dissipation
- nutrients contain chemical energy = metabolism
- used for:
- chemical
- mechanical
- osmotic works
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
*closely related to resting metabolic rate (RMR)
amount of energy expended daily at rest
respiratory quotient (RQ)
ratio of moles CO2 produced & O2 consumed
what nutrients is processed by energy?
- lipids
- proteins
- carbohydrates
is there energy between vitamins, minerals, and water?
no
can energy be digested? why or why not?
- CAN NOT BE DIGESTED
- nutrients having energy are digested & absorbed
- energy takes place inside of the animals/birds
energy balance equation
energy in = energy out + energy to store
positive energy balance
energy in > energy out
- weight gain
negative energy balance
energy out > energy in
- weight loss
energy equilibrium
weight energy in = weight energy out
- weight maintenance
why does fat have so many calories?
- fats = “potential energy”
- C-H bonds release more energy when broken, than C-O bonds
- more C-H bonds & carbohydrates in fats
- proteins contain more C-O bonds
what are 3 types of estimation for energy?
- bomb calorimeter
- indirect calorimetry
- comparative slaughter technique
what does energy system provide?
- accurate energy estimate
- simple application
- additivity of energy values
- easy determination of energy values
total digestable nutrient (TDN)
improve energy value by adjusting for digestabilibty
- does NOT account for other potential losses
- those associated with FERMENTATION
gross energy
advantages vs disadvantages
advantages:
- easy to determine
- combustion in adiabatic bomb calorimeter
- for energy systems
disadvantages:
- meaningless for animal production
- NO accounting for losses during ingestion, digestion, &
metabolism
digestible energy
advantages vs disadvatages
advantage:
- usable measure for dietary energy
- easy to determine
disadvantage:
- NO accounting for:
- urine energy loss
- combustible gasses
- losses in metabolism
- overestimates protein & fiber
metabolized energy
advantages vs disadvantages
advantages:
- accounts for some energy losses in metabolism
- easy to determine
disadvantages:
- NO accounting for efficiency of nutrient utilization / heat
increment
net energy
advantages vs disadvantages
advantages:
- the energy used for production & maintenance
- MOST ACCURATE to express dietary energy
disadvantages:
- difficult to determine accurately
- more complex than DE or ME
- same feed may have different NE for different pigs, performance levels
- NE describes interaction between feed and animal
what is hibernation?
- stage of hypo-metabolism to cope with anticipated nutritional stress
- true hibernation, the animal will appear dead
why do animals hibernate?
- scarcity of food & resources
- in the COLD
- hibernation allows the animal to sleep through
intense winter weathers
- hibernation allows the animal to sleep through
can all animals hibernate?
- most animals cannot hibernate because they lack the necessary fat to last through winter
- animals who do hibernate put on another type of fat called “brown fat”
- apart from regular stored fat “white adipose tissue”
who are the true hibernators?
woodchucks
bats
hedgehogs
“torpor”: extremely low body temperature & hyper-
metabolism
- animals in a state of torpor won’t experience
dramatic drops as true hibernators
pseudo hibernators / frauds…
possums
raccoons
bears
skunks
