Energy

Question 1

energy

Answer 1

the capacity of performing work and production

• mechanical work
• formation of substrates
• active transport
• transport of genetic information
• maintenance

Question 2

bio-energetics

Answer 2

study of energy supply, utilization, and dissipation

• nutrients contain chemical energy = metabolism
• used for:
  
  • chemical
  • mechanical
  • osmotic works

Question 3

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

*closely related to resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Answer 3

amount of energy expended daily at rest

Question 4

respiratory quotient (RQ)

Answer 4

ratio of moles CO2 produced & O2 consumed

Question 5

what nutrients is processed by energy?

Answer 5

• lipids
• proteins
• carbohydrates

Question 6

is there energy between vitamins, minerals, and water?

Answer 6

no

Question 7

can energy be digested? why or why not?

Answer 7

• CAN NOT BE DIGESTED
• nutrients having energy are digested & absorbed
• energy takes place inside of the animals/birds

Question 8

energy balance equation

Answer 8

energy in = energy out + energy to store

Question 9

positive energy balance

Answer 9

energy in > energy out
- weight gain

Question 10

negative energy balance

Answer 10

energy out > energy in
- weight loss

Question 11

energy equilibrium

Answer 11

weight energy in = weight energy out
- weight maintenance

Question 12

why does fat have so many calories?

Answer 12

• fats = “potential energy”
• C-H bonds release more energy when broken, than C-O bonds
• more C-H bonds & carbohydrates in fats
• proteins contain more C-O bonds

Question 13

what are 3 types of estimation for energy?

Answer 13

1. bomb calorimeter
2. indirect calorimetry
3. comparative slaughter technique

Question 14

what does energy system provide?

Answer 14

• accurate energy estimate
• simple application
• additivity of energy values
• easy determination of energy values

Question 15

total digestable nutrient (TDN)

Answer 15

improve energy value by adjusting for digestabilibty
- does NOT account for other potential losses
- those associated with FERMENTATION

Question 16

gross energy

advantages vs disadvantages

Answer 16

advantages:
- easy to determine
- combustion in adiabatic bomb calorimeter
- for energy systems

disadvantages:
- meaningless for animal production
- NO accounting for losses during ingestion, digestion, &
metabolism

Question 17

digestible energy

advantages vs disadvatages

Answer 17

advantage:
- usable measure for dietary energy
- easy to determine

disadvantage:
- NO accounting for:
- urine energy loss
- combustible gasses
- losses in metabolism
- overestimates protein & fiber

Question 18

metabolized energy

advantages vs disadvantages

Answer 18

advantages:
- accounts for some energy losses in metabolism
- easy to determine

disadvantages:
- NO accounting for efficiency of nutrient utilization / heat
increment

Question 19

net energy

advantages vs disadvantages

Answer 19

advantages:
- the energy used for production & maintenance
- MOST ACCURATE to express dietary energy

disadvantages:
- difficult to determine accurately
- more complex than DE or ME
- same feed may have different NE for different pigs, performance levels

• NE describes interaction between feed and animal

Question 20

what is hibernation?

Answer 20

• stage of hypo-metabolism to cope with anticipated nutritional stress
• true hibernation, the animal will appear dead

Question 21

why do animals hibernate?

Answer 21

• scarcity of food & resources
• in the COLD
  
  • hibernation allows the animal to sleep through
    intense winter weathers

Question 22

can all animals hibernate?

Answer 22

• most animals cannot hibernate because they lack the necessary fat to last through winter
• animals who do hibernate put on another type of fat called “brown fat”
  
  • apart from regular stored fat “white adipose tissue”

Question 23

who are the true hibernators?

Answer 23

woodchucks
bats
hedgehogs

“torpor”: extremely low body temperature & hyper-
metabolism
- animals in a state of torpor won’t experience
dramatic drops as true hibernators

Question 24

pseudo hibernators / frauds…

Answer 24

possums
raccoons
bears
skunks