Nutrition & immunity

Question 1

immune system

Answer 1

A collection of cells and molecules that protect the body against infection, malignancy, and damaged cells

Question 2

immunity

Answer 2

reactions by an animal body to foreign
substances such as microbes and various macro molecules

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

Non-specific immunity due to physical and chemical barrier

Question 4

acquired (adaptive) immunity

Answer 4

Specific immunity- protection by production of antibodies which are directed against specific antigen

Question 5

what are the 3 lines of defense in immunity?

Answer 5

1. first line of defense (nonspecific)
   Skin, ciliated cells, mucus membranes – act as barriers and traps
2. second line of defense (nonspecific)
   - increased body temperature (fever) to create
   conditions unsuitable for pathogen growth
   - blood brings white blood cells called macrophages
   engulf and kill pathogens
3. third line of defense (specific)
   - Macrophages identify the invaders
   - Helper T cell calls for help
   - B cell tags the invaders with antibodies
   - Killer T cells destroy the invader
   - Memory T and B cells remember
   the invaders

Question 6

what is the difference between innate & adaptive immunity?

Answer 6

innate immunity:
- Physical and chemical barriers
- Phagocytes (Neutrophils & macrophages)
* Inflammatory process.
* 1st and 2nd line of defense

adaptive immunity:
- Specific towards particular antigen and enhanced with
repeated exposure
- 3rd line of defense

Question 7

passive immunity

Answer 7

• effects are short-term
• newborn: passive transfer of immunity
  
  • colostrum!! (made last 4-6 weeks of gestation)

Question 8

natural-maternal immunity

Answer 8

antibodies are introduced into the body (not a result of immune system response)

example: mother transfers her immunity to infant
during breast-feeding; from the hen during egg formation.

Question 9

artificial- antibody transfer

Answer 9

provision of antiserum (blood serum containing
antibodies) through injections

Question 10

when is the window of susceptibility for passive immunity?

Answer 10

lasts for 3 weeks to 6 months depending on the
disease and health status of animals

Question 11

active immunity

Answer 11

body’s own immune response is activated and produces antibodies; occurs when a pathogen or a vaccine is introduced into the body.
- use of weakened pathogens, pathogen parts,
dead pathogens

long-term effect- once you get exposed to pathogen, you retain those antibodies for awhile

Question 12

what do memory B cells do?

Answer 12

keep antibodies “on file” in case of future exposure to
antigen

Question 13

what are 2 types of acquired immunity?

Answer 13

1. humoral
   - Mediated by B lymphocytes
   - Acts directly against pathogen-infected cells
2. cell mediated
   - Mediated by T lymphocytes
   - Generates specific pathogens that are directed against invading pathogens

Question 14

nutrition & immunity link

Answer 14

Nutrition interact with animal immune system

• Synergistic effects
• Vicious cycle

Question 15

Nutritional management goals

Answer 15

1. Reduce incidence of disease
2. Reduce severity (i.e., magnitude) of disease
3. Enhance recovery from immune activation

Question 16

how is Immune function primarily affected by?

Answer 16

• protein-energy malnutrition
• fatty acids
• antioxidants/micronutrients

Question 17

overnutrition

Answer 17

excess of macronutrients

Question 18

causes of protein-energy malnutrition

Answer 18

• Limited food access
• Chronic disease
• Chronic Pain
• Dental/Feeding issues
• Medications
• Severe dieting

Question 19

what is the most important class of nutrient to consider?

Answer 19

amino acids quantitatively

Question 20

antioxidants

Answer 20

man-made or natural substances that may prevent or delay some types of cell damage

example:
- amino acids
- vitamins E, C, A

Question 21

free radicals

Answer 21

• Generated in normal cellular metabolism
• React with enzymes, DNA and damage the tissue

Question 22

vitamin E

Answer 22

major antioxidant in blood

• Protects against cell damage from free radicals
• Affects both innate and adaptive immunity

immune issues:
- Loss of phagocyte responses
- T and B cell dysfunction
- Difficulty controlling viral infections

Question 23

vitamin A/ beta-carotene

Answer 23

acts as antioxidant

• Enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages & neutrophils

immune issues:
- Loss of structure/function of cells on mucosal
surfaces
- impaired B & T cells

Question 24

vitamin C

Answer 24

acts as antioxidant

• Protects cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  made by the body to control infections

immune issues:
- Impaired collagen synthesis for barriers
- increased free radical production

Question 25

vitamin D

Answer 25

• Limits inflammatory response promoted by specific T
  cell subtypes
• Promotes wound healing

immune issues:
- B cells
decrease immune globulin production & proliferation
- T cells
Decrease in overall proliferation

Question 26

selenium

Answer 26

• antioxidant effects
• Stimulates general immune responsiveness

immune issues:
- Loss of antioxidant host defense
- Decreased white blood cell and NK cell function

Question 27

iron

Answer 27

• Aids in T cell development
• Generates some “reactive oxygen species” to kill pathogens

immune issues:
- Reduced phagocyte activity
- Impaired T cell response
- Reduced immunoglobulin levels

Question 28

minerals

Answer 28

zinc, copper, chromium

influence host defense mechanism:
- Phagocytic activity
- cell-mediated immunity
- humoral immunity

Question 29

what does over-nutrition & obesity lead to?

Answer 29

• promotes inflammation
• poor wound healing
• increase respiratory, gastrointestinal, & liver infections