Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FHB Block 3 > Nutrition II > Flashcards

Nutrition II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three dietary lipids? Which is the primary form of dietary lipids?

A

TAG, cholesterol and phytosterols

Triacylglycerols (>95%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Palmitic acid and stearic acid are examples of what type of fatty acid?

A

Saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Are saturated fatty acids solids or liquids at room temperature?

A

Solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What negative consequence is associated with saturated fatty acids?

A

Hypercholesterolemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are some foods that are high in saturated fatty acids?

A

animal and dairy fats, palm and coconut oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Oleic acid is an example of what type of fatty acid?

A

Mono-unsaturated ( at least 12 carbons long, one double bond at C9)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What negative health consequences are associated with mono-unsaturated fats?

A

None: mono-unsaturated fats are not associated with hypercholesterolemia or decreased HDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids? What type of fatty are they?

A

linoleic and alpha-linolenic acid

They are polyunsaturated fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the consistency of polyunsaturated fats at room temperature?

A

Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do polyunsaturated fats affect LDL and HDL?

A

They can lower both LDL and HDL (so bad/good affects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is essential fatty acid deficiency?

A

Deficiency in essential fatty acids (linoleic and alpha-linoleic acid)

Appears as scaly dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name three omega-3 fatty acids

A

alpha-linoleic acid, EPA and DHA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is it true that omega-3 fatty acids lowers your risk for CVD?

A

Yes- but only for people already at high risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are trans fats? How do they affect LDL and HDL?

A

hydrogenation turns liquid oils into solid fats (so unsaturated fats into solids)

They are associated with increased levels of LDL, Coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis, to the same degree or more than saturated fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some common dietary sources of soluble fiber?

A

legumes, oats, some fruit, some vegetables, and nuts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does soluble fiber affect cholesterol?

A

Soluble fibers is implicated in cholesterol lowering.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are sources of insoluble fiber>

A

Potato skin, whole grains, wheat bran, some vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the benefit of insoluble fiber?

A

Helps regulate bowel movements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is another name for vitamin A?

A

Retinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is another name for vitamin D?

A

Cholecalciferol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is another name for vitamin E?

A

Tocopherol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is another name for vitamin K?

A

phylloquinone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

All the B vitamins + Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is another name for vitamin B1?
Thiamin
26
What is another name for vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
27
What is another name for vitamin B3?
Niacin
28
What is another name for vitamin B5?
Pantothenic acid
29
What is another name for vitamin B7?
Biotin
30
What is another name for vitamin B9?
Folic acid
31
What is another name for vitamin C?
Ascorbic Acid
32
What are the primary functions of water-soluble vitamins?
Coenzymes
33
What is beta-carotene?
Beta-carotene, found in many colored vegetables (like carrots) is a precursor for retinol (vitamin A)
34
What are the two metabolically active forms of vitamin A?
Retinol and Retinoic acid
35
What form of vitamin A is used as a prosthetic group for visual pigments? Which is used as a nuclear modulator of gene expression?
Prosthetic group of visual pigments: retinol | Nuclear modulator of gene expression: retinoic acid
36
Why is vitamin A critical for fetal growth?
Vitamin A, as retinoic acid, is critical for the differentiation and development of limbs during development
37
Where are carotenoids stored?
They can be stored anywhere, but mostly in the dermis. This is why you turn orange if you eat an absurd number of carrots.
38
What is an early sign of vitamin A deficiency?
Night blindness
39
What is the cardinal sign of a vitamin A deficiency?
Xerophthalmia- abnormal dryness of cornea and conjunctiva.
40
What are the symptoms of acute vitamin A toxicity?
nausea, vomiting, headache, peeling of skin
41
What is the cardinal sign of vitamin A toxicity?
bright red gingiva
42
What is the main function of vitamin D?
Maintain serum Ca2+ concentrations | Increase intestinal absorption, increase bone resorption, increase renal reabsorption
43
How does Vitamin D have an effect?
Vitamin D in its active form binds the Vitamin D receptor (a transcription factor) and regulates gene expression
44
What are the childhood and adult pathologies associated with vitamin D deficiency?
Childhood: Rickets- failure of appropriate mineral deposition in the epiphyseal cartilage Adult: Osteomalacia- stimulated mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from bone to maintain serum concentrations
45
What populations are at risk for vitamin D deficiencies?
Dark colored skin- they absorb less UV light | People who don't get any sun exposure (particularly breastfed infants)
46
What is the primary function of vitamin E?
Scavenger of free radicals and peroxyl radicals
47
What is the primary function of vitamin K?
Regulation of blood clotting protein synthesis It functions as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions (Carboxylation enzyme deficiencies -- think vitamin K)
48
What is the primary manifestation of vitamin K deficiencies?
Uncontrolled bleeding
49
Who is at highest risk for a vitamin K deficiency, and what is the result?
Newborns are often born with a vitamin K deficiency, and as a result, experience hemorrhaging. Prophylactic vitamin K is given as a shot to newborns in nearly all developed countries
50
Thiamin/vitamin B1 is a coenzyme for which important metabolic enzyme?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase The coenzyme is in the form of thiamin diphosphate (TPP)
51
All of the Beriberi syndromes are associated with a deficiency in what?
Vitamin B1- thiamin
52
What are the symptoms of dry beriberi?
Peripheral neuropathies, impairment of sensory motor and reflex functions
53
What are the symptoms of wet berberi?
Dry beriberi symptoms + cardiomegaly, congestive heart failure, edema
54
What are the symptoms of cerebral beriberi?
Wernicke's encephalopathy. Mental confusion, bilateral 6th nerve paralysis
55
Why must you administer thiamin before giving glucose to a chronic alcoholic?
Because they may have a thiamin deficiency, in which case PDH function will be impaired and glycolysis will be inhibited. THis would lead to hyperglycemia
56
What is the first vitamin that should come to mind when you are dealing with chronic alcoholism?
Thiamin (B1)
57
Riboflavin, B2, has a third name- what is it?
FAD
58
Niacin (nicotinic acid, NAD and NADP) can be synthesized from which amino acid?
Tryptophan
59
Large doses of niacin can be used as a first pass drug for which chronic condition?
Hyperlipidemia
60
What are the 4 D's of niacin deficiency?
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and death
61
What three important enzymes require vitamin C as a cofactor?
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, prolyl 3-hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase These enzymes are all involved in collagen hydroxylation
62
What are the cardinal symptoms of scurvy?
Collagen formation deficiency leads to bleeding from gums and other mucus membranes, formation of spots on the skin
63
Folate is an important cofactor for reactions in what pathway?
Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis
64
What two enzymes in particular are blocked by a folate deficiency?
``` Thymidylate synthase --> defective DNA synthesis Methionine Synthase (aka homocysteine methyltransferase) ```
65
What is another name for vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
66
What substance in the urine is indicative of a vitamin B12 deficiency?
MMA- methylmalonic acid
67
Hyperhomocysteinemia is commonly seen with deficiencies of what two vitamins?
Folate (B9) and Cobalamin (B12)
68
Pernicious anemia is caused by malabsorption of what vitamin?
B12

FHB Block 3 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions