Nutrition I

Question 1

How are the daily recommended values calculated?

Answer 1

The value for an “average” person is measured, and two standard deviations above is recommended

Question 2

What is the energy in kcal/g provided by fat, carbs, protein and alcohol? Are these all essential macronutrients?

Answer 2

carbs- 4 kcal/g
protein- 4 kcal/g
fat- 9 kcal/g
alcohol- 7kcal/g

Carbs, protein and fat are essential macronutrients. Alcohol is not.

Question 3

How is our energy expended daily? (% on BMR, physical activity etc)

Answer 3

Basal metabolic rate: 60-70%
Thermogenesis: 10%
Physical Activity: 20-30%

Although physical activity is obviously widely variable

Question 4

True/False; overweight individuals have relatively low basal metabolic rates?

Answer 4

False, when you correct for the BMR/metabolically active tissue (eliminate fat from weight)

Question 5

What are 4 conditions in which people experienced depressed basal metabolic rate?

Answer 5

Down Syndrome
Anorexia
Very low calorie diets/starvation state
Hypothyroidism

Question 6

What are 4 conditions in which people experience increased basal metabolic rates?

Answer 6

Hyperthyroidism
Parkinson’s Disease
Asthma
Any type of hypermetabolic state (burns, injuries, sepsis)

Question 7

How does diet affect metabolism?

Answer 7

It does not.

Exception: caffeine and ephedrine temporarily increase metabolism

Question 8

What is the only way to increase your metabolism?

Answer 8

Increase your muscle mass (increase amount of metabolically active tissue)

Question 9

What did the Minnesota Study teach us about diet and metabolism? What does this mean for weight loss?

Answer 9

Starvation states depress our basal metabolic rate, presumably in an attempt to preserve the protein we have left.

After resuming a normal diet, patient’s metabolism returned to normal very quickly.

This means that weight loss will slow down as you eat a calorie-restricted diet for a long period of time, because your metabolism will slow down (in an effort to prevent weight loss).

Question 10

What is stunting?

Answer 10

Linear growth deficiency (read: short) due to chronic protein energy malnutrition.

Question 11

How is “underweight” defined?

Answer 11

less than 18.5 BMI

Question 12

Define Marasmus

Answer 12

Marasmus - or wasting- is defined as a weight for height greater than 2 standard deviations below normal

Question 13

What is Kwashiorkor?

Answer 13

Kwashiorkor is linked to low calorie intake and results in a constellation of symptoms including: central and lower limb edema, fatty liver, pigment changes in hair/skin to reddish color- banding in hair appears if the deficiency is seasonal

Question 14

Does early stunting of growth mean due to malnutrition mean you will always be doomed the life of a short person?

Answer 14

Before the age of 5, you have a potential for catch- up growth

Question 15

Children with PEM are also at a significantly greater risk for dying of what other disease?

Answer 15

Pneumonia