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FHB Block 3 > Functional Anatomy and General Principles > Flashcards

Functional Anatomy and General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sphincter of oddi?

A

The sphincter between the common bile duct/pancreatic duct and the duodenum. It controls the amount of bile and pancreatic juices released into the duodenum

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2
Q

What are the three major arteries of the splanchnic circulation?

A

Celiac, SMA and IMA

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3
Q

What organs are supplied by the celiac artery?

A

Liver, spleen and stomach

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4
Q

What organs are supplied by the Superior mesenteric artery?

A

Pancreas, small intestine and proximal colon

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5
Q

What organs are supplied by the IMA?

A

Distal colon

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6
Q

What happens to large molecules that are too large to pass into capillaries?

A

They are taken up by the lymphatic system and returned to the systemic circulation through thoracic duct –> subclavian vein

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7
Q

Name the four layers of the gut wall from inside to outside

A

Mucosa, Submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

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8
Q

What individual components make up the mucosa of the gut wall?

A

Mucosa is the innermost layer. It is made up of epithelium, the lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae

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9
Q

What are absorptive enterocytes?

A

The are the most abundant cell of the GI tract epithelium. They play a vital role in digestion and absorption

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10
Q

What is produced in gastric mucosal cells?

A

Protons

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11
Q

What type of cells are found in the mucosal epithelium of the esophagus?

A

Squamous cells- they help in the transportation of swallowed food

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12
Q

What type of cells are found in the mucosal epithelium of the intestine?

A

Columnar- helps in absorption or selective uptake of nutrients, ions, water

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13
Q

Describe the architecture of the small intestinal epithelium

A

The surface area of the small intestinal epithelium consists of villi and crypts.

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14
Q

What is the average life span of a cell at the villus tip in the GI tract?

A

3-5 days. The epithelial lining of the GI tracts is continously renewed

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15
Q

What is the consequence of a reduced surface area in the intestinal epithelium, such as in celiac disease?

A

Malabsorption

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16
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

The layer immediately below the epithelium- it consists of loose connective tissue (collagen and elastin fibrils).

It is rich in glands, contains lymph vessels and nodes, capillaries, nerve fibers.

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17
Q

What three layers make up the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosa

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18
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae?

A

This this layer of smooth muscle cells directly below the lamina propria

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19
Q

In what layer of the GI tract is the submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system found?

A

The submucosae

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20
Q

In what layer of the GI tract is the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system found?

A

Between the two layers of the muscularis externa (muscularis propria)

21
Q

Describe the muscularis externa

A

It consists of two layers of smooth muscle cells:

Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer

Responsible for mixing and propelling contexts of the GI tract

22
Q

What is the outermost layer of the GI tract?

A

The Serosa

23
Q

What cell type makes up the serosa?

A

Squamous mesothelial cells- secretes a viscous fluid in order to reduce friction between organs in the abdominal cavity

24
Q

Which are the “sensor cells” of the GI system?

A

Enteroendocrine cells- they respond to a stimulus by secreting a peptide or hormone

25
Q

Which are target cells of paracrine regulation?

A

smooth muscle, absorptive enterocytes, secretory cells in glands and other EECs

26
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells in the stomach release what hormone? What is the effect?

A

Histamine. When released, the histamine binds to nearby parietal cells which can then release HCl

27
Q

What is the role of serotonin released in the GI tract?

A

Regulation of smooth muscle contractility in the GI

28
Q

What cells release serotonin?

A

Enteric neurons, mucosal mast cells and enterochromaffin cells

29
Q

When and where is cholecystokinin released?

A

Cholecystokinin is released from the I cells in duodenum in response to dietary protein and fatty acids

30
Q

What is celiac disease?

A

Allergic response to gliadin, a component of gluten. It causes an inflammatory response which results in a reduction of density and length of microvilli

31
Q

Differentiate the extrinsic from the intrinsic nervous system in the gut

A

Extrinsic: nerves that innervate the gut, with cell bodies outside of the gut wall- part of the ANS (parasympathetic and sympathetic)

Intrinsic: The enteric nervous system- includes the submucosal and myenteric plexus

32
Q

What parts of the gut does the vagus nerve innervate?

A

Everything except for the distal colon and anorectal region

Esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, 1st part of the intestine, cecum, proximal part of the colon

33
Q

Describe the general impact of parasympathetic stimulation on GI function

A

Activation

34
Q

What two neurotransmitters are released by peptidergic neurons?

A

Substance P and VIP

35
Q

What are vagovagal reflexes?

A

Both afferent and efferent fibers of the vagus nerve coordinate responses to gut stimuli

36
Q

Which gut muscles are activated by sympathetic innervation?

A

GI sphincter muscles

37
Q

Differentiate how the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves interact with the ENS.

A

Parasympathetic fibers all affect the gut indirectly, through synapsing on the ENS

Sympathetic fibers can either directly stimulate cells, or indirectly through stimulation of the ENS

38
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus?

A

Between the inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layer (muscularis externae)

39
Q

Where is the submucosal plexus?

A

In the submucosal layer of the gut wall

40
Q

Is the ENS autonomous?

A

The ENS can act autonomously, but also receives information from the ANS

41
Q

Is all of the muscle of the GI tract smooth muscle?

A

No- the pharynx, upper 1/3 of the esophagus and the external anal sphincter are striated muscle

42
Q

What permits rapid cell-cell spread of action potentials in GI smooth muscle?

A

Gap Junctions formed with interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC’s)

43
Q

Differentiate phasic from tonic conctractions

A

Phasic: periodic contractions followed by relaxation

Tonic: Constant level of contraction- generally found in sphincters that only relax when told to do so

44
Q

Which cells act as the pacemaker for the gut?

A

Interstitial cells of cajal- ICCs: They generate the slow waves.

45
Q

How do slow waves of the GI tract relate to contraction?

A

Slow waves that do not reach threshold still lead to tonic contractions. When action potentials occur, it is followed by a much stronger phasic contraction

46
Q

Where do segmentation contractions occur?

A

Predominantly in the small and large intestines

47
Q

What is the purpose of segmental contractions?

A

These allow mixing of the luminal contents with GI tract secretions and increase exposure to the mucosal surfaces where absorption occurs

48
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in orad contraction of peristalsis?

A

ACh and substance P

49
Q

Which neurotransmitters are involved in caudad relaxation of peristalsis?

A

VIP and NO

FHB Block 3 (26 decks)

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