Nutrition Hot Topics and Controversies Flashcards
Any food product that is certified organic by the United States Department of Agriculture and, therefore, meets certain criteria for agricultural and animal-husbandry practices.
organic food
Any food product that comes from the intensive agricultural and animal-husbandry methods employed in the United States (e.g., heavy pesticide use and concentrated animal feedlots).
conventional food
Feed that provides highly concentrated sources of nutrients and supplementation to livestock.
concentrate feed
Natural compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
secondary metabolites
Class of natural chemicals found abundantly in plants that have unique biological effects when consumed.
polyphenols
A hazardous natural chemical compound that is resistant to biodegradation and thus remains in the environment for a long time.
persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
An essential omega-3 fatty acid that is converted into EPA and DHA within the body, albeit in limited amounts.
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA)
Refers to animals that have been raised in an ecologically appropriate way; allowed to forage and graze on pasture throughout life.
grass-fed and finished
A carotenoid that plays an important role within the human brain and retina as an antioxidant.
lutein
Switching from a conventional to an organic-based diet can increase the polyphenol intake by the equivalent of 1-2 servings of fruits and vegetables without changing actual food or energy intake. The beneficial effects of polyphenols have been linked to what? Check all that apply.
A. Glycolysis
B. Inflammation management
C. Weight loss
D. Cancer prevention
E. Vascular health
F. Brain function
B, D, E, F
Beef from grass-fed and finished cattle have noted to have higher concentrations of what? Check all that apply.
A. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
B. EPA
C. DHA
D. Vitamin A
E. Vitamin E
all of the above
Pasteurized eggs have how much more DHA than conventional eggs?
3.5 times
Any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques (e.g., bacteria-mediated recombination)
GMO
An extremely hazardous chemical that can be produced by the cooking of starchy foods (e.g., French fries).
acrylamide
Naturally occurring short-chain carbohydrates poorly absorbed in the small intestine.
FODMAPs
Term describing the control of material passing from inside the small intestine to the rest of the body, also known as leaky gut.
intestinal permeability
A product that modulates the permeability of tight junctions between cells of the small intestine.
zonulin
An endotoxin produced by gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory response if absorbed into circulation from the gastrointestinal tract.
lipopolysaccharides (LPS)
A cereal grain or pseudograin that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran.
whole-meal grains
Grass seeds used in the same way as true cereal grains, often serving as a replacement (e.g., ground into flour or consumed as porridge) – examples include amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa.
pseuograins
With an emerging industry of different GMOs now available, clients will come to you with questions on what these are, their consumption risks, and overall long-term effects from use. What are some direct benefits of promoting and supporting GMOs? Check all that apply.
A. Decreased pesticide exposure
B. Increased crop yields
C. Increased nutrient content
D. Decreased allergies
B. Increased crop yields
C. Increased nutrient content
What are some examples of gluten-free grains a client could consume who have celiac disease or have heightened gluten sensitivity? Check all that apply.
A. White/Brown Rice
B. Rye
C. Barley
D. Quinoa
A, D
A sweetener made from the enzymatic conversion of corn starch into glucose and fructose.
high-fructose corn syrup
The enzyme that turns fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate, a key regulatory step in the glycolytic pathway.
phosphofructokinase
