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NASM CNC Exam Flashcards > Evidence-Based Nutrition and Practice > Flashcards

Evidence-Based Nutrition and Practice Flashcards

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1
Q

A method of attempting to arrive at objective truths.

A

Science

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2
Q

A proposed explanation for a problem or set of observations.

A

Hypothesis

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3
Q

The process of formulating explanations about the natural world and testing those explanations with experiments and data.

A

The Scientific Method

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4
Q

A three-pronged approach to working with clients, which consists of making decisions based on the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs and preferences.

A

Evidence-Based Practice

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5
Q

What are the three components of evidence-based practice?

A
  1. Weight of evidence
  2. Field observations
  3. Client needs and preferences
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6
Q

Describe the Scientific Method.

A
  1. Identify a problem or set of observations.
  2. Formulate a hypothesis.
  3. Design a study to test the hypothesis.
  4. Collect, synthesize, and interpret data.
  5. Discard/change the hypothesis if the data does not support it, OR continue testing data that supports the hypothesis.
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7
Q

An expected outcome generated from a hypothesis.

A

Prediction

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8
Q

Things that should be true if a hypothesis is true.

A

Predictions

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9
Q

Step 1 of the Scientific Method

A

Identify a problem or set of observations.

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10
Q

Step 2 of the Scientific Method

A

Formulate a hypothesis

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11
Q

Step 3 of the Scientific Method

A

Design a study to test the hypothesis.

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12
Q

Step 4 of the Scientific Method

A

Collect data, synthesize it, and interpret it.

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13
Q

Step 5 of the Scientific Method

A

Discard unsupported hypothesis or continue testing supported hypotheses.

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14
Q

True or False? Scientists identify what is most likely to be true by demonstrating what is NOT true.

A

True

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15
Q

A hypothesis or set of hypotheses for which a large body of high-quality evidence has been accumulated.

A

Theory

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16
Q

A variable in an experiment that a scientist makes no effort to manipulate or account for.

A

Uncontrolled variable

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17
Q

What is a peer-reviewed editorial?

A

An opinion piece in a scientific journal.

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18
Q

What is an expert opinion?

A

Represents the stance of scientists who have extensively studied a topic.

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19
Q

This type of evidence represents the stance of scientists who have extensively studied a topic.

A

Expert opinion

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20
Q

What is an opinion piece in a scientific journal called?

A

Peer-reviewed editorial

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21
Q

Research in which a researcher observes ongoing behaviors to determine correlation.

A

Observational Research

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22
Q

A relationship between two or more variables.

A

Correlation

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23
Q

What type of research can only show correlations?

A

Observational Research

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24
Q

What is a 24 hour recall?

A

When subjects try to recall what they ate over the past day

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25
Q

Subjects list the frequency with which they consume various food categories

A

Food Frequency Questionnaire

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26
Q

A type of scientific study/trial where participants are randomly assigned into different groups – one or more will be the intervention to be tested and one will be the control group. Groups are randomized and a control is used in an attempt to reduce potential bias in the trial.

A

Randomized Control Trial (RCT)

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27
Q

What is a Randomized Control Trial?

A

A type of scientific study/trial where participants are randomly assigned into different groups. Some groups will be the intervention that is tested, and one will be the control group.

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28
Q

The variable scientists manipulate in an experiment.

A

Independent variable

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29
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

The variable scientists manipulate in an experiment.

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30
Q

The ability to generalize the results of a study.

A

External validity

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31
Q

What is external validity?

A

The ability to generalize the results of a study.

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32
Q

A review where scientists systematically gather all research on a topic and evaluate it based on predefined criteria and rules.

A

Systematic Review

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33
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

Scientists gather ALL research on a topic and evaluate it based on specific criteria.

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34
Q

A statistical analysis of a group of studies to assess the overall weight of the evidence.

A

Meta-analysis

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35
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A statistical analysis of a group of studies (RCT’s).

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36
Q

What two things represent the highest level of quality of evidence?

A

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

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37
Q

True or False? A scientific theory is just a guess.

A

False.

38
Q

Which of the following ranks highest in terms of quality?

A. Observational research
B. Non-peer reviewed media
C. Randomized control trials
D. Peer-reviewed editorials

A

C. Randomized control trials

39
Q

Type of evidence based on observation or experience.

A

Empirical evidence.

40
Q

What is empirical evidence?

A

Type of evidence based on observation or experience

41
Q

The ability to get similar results when something is measured under the same conditions.

A

Test-retest reliability

42
Q

The consistency of a measure.

A

Reliability

43
Q

The assessment of whether a tool is measuring what it is supposed to measure.

A

Validity

44
Q

When a sample of people under study is not representative of the larger population that scientists are looking to make inferences about, this is known as ______.

A

Selection Bias

45
Q

Describes a study that looks backward in time.

A

Retrospective

46
Q

The inability to accurately remember past behaviors.

A

Recall bias

47
Q

What type of research are case studies, surveys, and historical research?

A

Descriptive Research

48
Q

What is descriptive research?

A

Describes individuals or populations.

Example: case studies, surveys, historical research

49
Q

• Tracks a single person or group of people
over time
• Discusses characteristics of or events that
occur to a single person or group
• Primary limitation - may not be
generalizable to larger populations

A

Case studies

50
Q

What is a case study?

A

• Tracks a single person or group of people
over time
• Discusses characteristics of or events that
occur to a single person or group

51
Q

What is the primary limitation of a case study?

A

May not be generalizable to larger populations

52
Q

What type of research are cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies?

A

Exploratory/Epidemiological Research

53
Q

What is a cross-sectional study?

A

Variables in group of people at specific point in time

54
Q

What are cross-sectional studies most useful for?

A
  • Population-based surveys

* To assess the prevalence of diseases in a population

55
Q

What is the primary limitation of a cross-sectional study?

A

Impossible to assess causal relationships because it’s a one-time “snapshot” measurement

56
Q

What is a case-control study?

A
  • Determines if exposure to something is associated with an outcome
  • Scientists identify people with the outcome and similar people who don’t have the outcome
  • Uses data that has already been collected or occurred in the past
57
Q 
What type of study is this?
• Determines if exposure to something is
 associated with an outcome
• Scientists identify people with the outcome
 and similar people who don’t have the
 outcome
• Uses data that has already been collected or
 occurred in the past
A

Case-control study

58
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Group followed over time to find association between exposure & outcome (e.g., disease)

59
Q

What kind of study is this: Group followed over time to determine association between an exposure and an outcome or disease?

A

Cohort study

60
Q

What are the limitations of a cohort study?

A
  • Selection bias possibility
  • Subjects may drop out because the study is so long
  • If retrospective: less control over variables; subjects may have recall bias
61
Q

What are the two types of observational research?

A

Descriptive research and Exploratory Research.

62
Q

What type of research are cohort studies, cross-sectional studies, case studies, and surveys?

A

Observational research

63
Q

Type of study in which scientists directly intervene with subjects and look at the impacts of the intervention

A

Interventional Design study

64
Q

Type of study in which researchers track two or more independent groups in parallel with each other.

A

Parallel Design study

65
Q

Type of study in which researchers test the impact of two or more variables simultaneously, rather than isolating a single variable.

A

Factorial Design Study

66
Q

Type of study in which the same group of subjects are assigned to both the treatment and control groups. Each subject acts as his/her own control.

A

Crossover Design Study

67
Q

A type of scientific research design that consists of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), which are the “gold standard” of research due to degree of rigor and control.

A

True Experimental Design

68
Q

A type of scientific research design that is similar to RCTs, but subjects are not randomly assigned to groups.

A

Quasi-experimental design

69
Q

What are two examples of Quasi-experimental design?

A

Non-randomized control group and time series.

70
Q

Non-randomized control group and time series are examples of what kind of experimental design?

A

Quasi-experimental design

71
Q

A type of research design in which subjects have not been randomly assigned to that group. This carries more potential for bias than a RCT, because the control group may not be equivalent to the treatment group.

A

Non-randomized control group

72
Q

A type of research design in which a set of data points have been collected in time order.

A

Time Series

73
Q

The critical evaluation of a study by other scientists.

A

Peer review

74
Q

Types of peer-review of thorough and valuable summations of the state of the evidence on various topics. They are usually written by large teams of scientists.

A

Position stands and scientific consensus statements

75
Q

A type of peer-reviewed journal article in which research is gathered in a more informal fashion compared to a systematic review and the authors give their assessment and interpretation of the overall weight of the evidence.

A

Narrative review

76
Q

What are these examples of?
Recently published academic textbooks
University public health websites
Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics website
U.S. government health websites
International health websites
Conference presentations by primary researchers without a brand or ideology to defend or product or supplement to promote
Podcast interviews with primary researchers

A

High-Quality, Non-Peer Reviewed Sources of Information

77
Q 
What are these examples of?
Popular media. 
Anecdotes and testimonials. 
Advertisements of products or special methods and protocols
Most blogs (and their comment sections)
A

Questionable or Poor, Non-Peer Reviewed Sources of Information

78
Q

Which of the following represents a weakness of observational studies?

A . Examination of large populations over long periods of time
B . Generation of hypotheses for further study
C . Examination of associations over long periods of time
D . Correlation does not equal causation

A

D . Correlation does not equal causation

79
Q

Which of the following best represents a weakness of interventional designs?

A Small number of subjects
B Demonstration of cause and effect
C Exploration of mechanistic explanations
D Control of variables that can’t be controlled in observational studies

A

A Small number of subjects

80
Q

Scientists randomly assign subjects to a low or high carbohydrate group and then look at changes in body weight over 3 months. Which item represents the independent variable in this study?

A. Length of study (3 months)
B. Subjects
C. Body weight
D. Diet type

A

D. Diet type

81
Q

Which term describes how a body of knowledge is based on observation and experience?

A. Repeatable
B. Falsifiable
C. Reliable
D. Empirical

A

D. Empirical

82
Q

Studies show that Diet A causes more weight loss than Diet B. A client is able to better adhere to Diet B than Diet A. Which item represents the best option for this client?

A Start with Diet A, then gradually transition to Diet B
B. Diet B
C. Alternate between Diet A and B
D. Diet A

A

B. Diet B

83
Q

Seven studies show Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B. Three studies show no difference. Assuming all the studies are equivalent in quality, which item best describes this situation?

A. There are insufficient studies to conclude that Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B.
B. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed.
C. The weight of the evidence suggests that Diet A and B are equivalent in their ability to lower cholesterol.
D. It is unknown whether Diet A lowers cholesterol more than Diet B.

A

B. The weight of the evidence suggests Diet A is more effective for lowering cholesterol than Diet B, but more data is needed.

84
Q

Scientists gather 20 studies looking at the relationship between protein intake and lean body mass, and then they statistically analyze them together as a group. What type of study is this?

A. Randomized controlled trials
B. Observational research
C. Meta-analysis
D. Narrative review

A

C. Meta-analysis

85
Q

Which term encompasses the weight of the scientific evidence, field observations, and individual client needs?

A. Science
B. Evidence-based practice
C. Scientific method
D. Primary research

A

B. Evidence-based practice

86
Q

Which item represents a high quality, non-peer reviewed source of information?

A. Academic textbook
B. Position stand
C. Systematic review
D. Narrative review

A

A. Academic textbook

87
Q

Which of the following represents a strength of observational studies?

A. Large subject numbers
B. Can establish cause and effect
C. Can determine mechanisms for effects
D. High degree of control

A

A. Large subject numbers

88
Q

Scientists perform a study tracking 10,000 people over a 10-year period. They look at their sugar intake at the beginning of the study and then see who develops diabetes over the study duration. Which term best describes this study?

A. Cohort study
B. Cross-sectional study
C. Survey
D. Case-control study

A

A. Cohort study

89
Q

Which statement best describes science?

A. It is the use of evidence to construct explanations and predictions of natural phenomena.
B. It is the process of collecting data that confirms a hypothesis while discarding data that refutes it.
C. It is the collection of ideas that are not subject to falsification.
D. It is the use of anecdotes to explain observations.

A

A. It is the use of evidence to construct explanations and predictions of natural phenomena.

90
Q

A scientist proposes that sugar is inherently fattening, independent of its calorie content. If that proposal is true, then that would mean that high-sugar diets should increase fat gain independent of their calorie content. What term describes this potential consequence?

A. Theory
B. Hypothesis
C. Prediction
D. Conclusion

A

C. Prediction

91
Q

A scientist hypothesizes that a supplement will increase resistance training performance. A study is carried out, and the results do not support the hypothesis. Multiple studies by independent labs also fail to support the hypothesis. What is the appropriate response regarding the hypothesis?

A. The predictions have been falsified and the hypothesis is discarded.
B. The hypothesis should continue to be tested.
C. The predictions have been confirmed but the hypothesis is discarded.
D. The predictions have been falsified but the hypothesis is upheld.

A

A. The predictions have been falsified and the hypothesis is discarded.

NASM CNC Exam Flashcards (24 decks)

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