Energy Balance and Metabolism Flashcards
Describe the 5 steps for how energy gets into food.
- Energy from the sun is radiated to the earth as light.
- Light is used by plants and algae as an energy source to power photosynthesis.
- Sun’s energy is stored in chemical bonds in plants.
- Plants breakdown the energy to sustain life, or store it for later in the form of sugar, starch, or fats.
- Plants are consumed directly or indirectly, and the energy from the sun is transferred.
What is photosynthesis?
Conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into glucose and oxygen.
CO2 + H2O –> Glucose + O2
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What is ATP?
A chemical compound that provides energy to:
- drive muscle contraction
- transmit nerve impulse
- the vast majority of chemical reactions that facilitate human life
Which chemical compound provides energy to drive muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, and the vast majority of chemical reactions that facilitate human life?
ATP
What is thermodynamics?
The relationship between heat and energy and how these are converted into one another.
What is the relationship between heat and energy called?
Thermodynamics
Which law explains how energy is transferred?
Law of Thermodynamics
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed.
AKA, law of conservation of energy.
What is metabolism?
Chemical processes occurring within the body to convert food to energy.
What are the chemical processes occurring within the body to convert food to energy called?
Metabolism
Which of the following are the primary molecules in our food that store energy within their chemical bonds?
Select all that apply.
A. Carbohydrates B. Fats C. Ketones D. Glycogen E. Protein
A, B, E
What molecules’ bond is broken during the usage of ATP that results in an ADP molecule and the release of free energy to drive muscle contractions?
Phosphate
Which of the following is an individual factor that affects energy balance?
A. Government
B. Media
C. Schools
D. Psychology
D. Psychology
What percentage of TDEE does Thermic Effect of Activity (TEA) makeup?
15-30%
What percentage of TDEE does Thermic Effect of Feeding (TEF) makeup?
10%
What percentage of TDEE does Resting Metabolism (RMR) makeup?
60-75%
How much does RMR decline with age per decade for men and women?
2% for men and 3% for women
RMR is proportional to lean body mass and decreases approximately ___kcal/min for each ___% increase in body fatness
decreases 0.01kcal/min for each 1% increase in body fat
What does MET stand for?
Metabolic Equivalent
What is metabolic equivalent (MET)?
One MET is often used to describe RMR and energy expenditure. One Metabolic Equivalent (MET) = 3.5 ml O2 / Kg/min
One MET = __ml O2/kg/min
3.5ml
Which hormones affect “energy out”?
Cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid hormone.
What is the biological process of combining free fatty acids with glycerol to form triglycerides known as?
Lipogenesis
What is lipogenesis?
Combining Free fatty acids + glycerol to form triglycerides
What is the biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol known as?
Lipolysis
What is lipolysis?
Breaking down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol.
What is the process of breaking down the glycogen molecule into its individual glucose units for entry into the energy pathways known as?
Glycogenolysis
What is glycogenolysis?
Breaking down glycogen into individual glucose units for energy.
What is the metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate, glycerol and glucogenic amino acids known as?
Gluconeogenesis
What is gluconeogenesis?
A metabolic pathway that generates glucose.
Hormone that plays a role in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.
Testosterone
Hormone produced by the adrenal glands and released in response to stress.
Cortisol
Hormone that helps regulate metabolism and also controls essential steps involved in growth and development.
Thyroid hormone
Sleep deprivation (i.e., sleeping only 3.5-5.5 hours per night) has been shown to be responsible for which of the following effects?
A. Reduced resting metabolic rate
B. Reduced appetite
C. Reduced consumption of fatty foods
D. Reduced insulin resistance
A. Reduced resting metabolic rate
Which of the following metabolic processes is stimulated by thyroid hormones?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. ATP-PC regulation
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Muscle synthesis
C. Glycogenolysis
The appetite stimulator
Ghrelin
The appetite suppressor
Leptin
Hormone that is produced and released primarily by the stomach, with small amounts also released by the small intestine, pancreas, and brain. Stimulates fat deposition and growth hormone release, leading to increased hunger and fat storage
Ghrelin
Hormone that is stored and produced by adipose cells that decreases appetite when released
Leptin
Hormone released in the gastrointestinal system and is responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein
CCK (Cholecystokinin)
Specialized hormone linked to the autonomic nervous system. It is produced in the hypothalamus. It helps stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, which stimulates appetite and fat storage
NPY (Neuropeptide Y)
Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when blood glucose levels are high, promoting the uptake of glucose for fuel or storage as glycogen
Insulin
Hormone released when blood sugars decrease below a certain threshold. It stimulates the breakdown of stored glucose (glycogen) in the liver, releasing additional glucose into the bloodstream for fuel.
Glucagon
What are the simplest forms of carbohydrates, fat, and protein?
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.
What are the three main energy systems in the body?
ATP-PC, Glycolytic/Anaerobic, Oxidative/Aerobic
How much ATP can the body store?
80-100 grams
What energy system is this?
- Primary energy system used for all-out exercise.
- can last up to about 10 seconds.
- A limited amount is stored in skeletal muscle.
- Fatigue happens very quickly with this system.
- broken down by Creatine kinase
- stores are replenished after about 2 minutes of rest.
ATP-PC (adenosine triphosphate phosphocreatine)
What is the anaerobic energy system also known as?
Glycolytic
Which energy system provides energy for medium to high-intensity bursts of activity that last from 10 seconds to 2 minutes?
Anaerobic / glycolytic
What is the end product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
What is the aerobic energy system also known as?
Oxidative
Which energy system provides energy for low-intensity activities that last anywhere from 2 minutes to a few hours?
Aerobic/Oxidative
Which of the three energy systems (anaerobic, aerobic, ATP-PC) is the most utilized?
Aerobic
What is the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced in metabolism and oxygen (O2) used called?
Respiratory Exchange Ratio
What is the time frame for the ATP-PC energy system?
Up to 10-15 seconds.
What is the time frame for the Glycolytic/Anaerobic energy system?
10 seconds to 2 minutes.
What is the time frame for the Oxidative/Aerobic energy system?
2 minutes and up.
When there is not enough oxygen available, what is pyruvate converted to instead of being used aerobically within the mitochondria?
A. Glucose
B. Lactic acid
C. ATP
D. Glycogen
B. Lactic acid
How much total ATP can be created by the complete anaerobic and aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose?
36 molecules
Which hormone is referred to as the hunger hormone because it stimulates appetite, increases food intake, and promotes fat storage?
a. Ghrelin
b. Leptin
c. NPY Neuropeptide Y
d. Cholecystokinin
a. Ghrelin
Energy utilized for immediate work is known as which of the following?
a. Kinetic
b. Nuclear
c. Electrical
d. Potential
a. Kinetic
The first law of thermodynamics is also referred to as which of the following?
a. The law of estimation of energy
b. The law of probability of energy
c. The law of facilitation of energy
d. The law of conservation of energy
d. The law of conservation of energy
Which organ produces and releases insulin?
a. Thyroid
b. Pancreas
c. Liver
d. Kidney
b. Pancreas
Which hormone, produced by adipose cells, decreases appetite when released?
a. Ghrelin
b. NPY Neuropeptide Y
c. Leptin
d. Cholecystokinin
c. Leptin
A deficiency in which hormone is associated with an increased fat mass (central adiposity in particular), reduced insulin sensitivity, and impaired glucose tolerance?
a. Testosterone
b. Adrenaline
c. Estrogen
d. Cortisol
a. Testosterone
