Energy Balance and Metabolism Flashcards
Describe the 5 steps for how energy gets into food.
- Energy from the sun is radiated to the earth as light.
- Light is used by plants and algae as an energy source to power photosynthesis.
- Sun’s energy is stored in chemical bonds in plants.
- Plants breakdown the energy to sustain life, or store it for later in the form of sugar, starch, or fats.
- Plants are consumed directly or indirectly, and the energy from the sun is transferred.
What is photosynthesis?
Conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water into glucose and oxygen.
CO2 + H2O –> Glucose + O2
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What is ATP?
A chemical compound that provides energy to:
- drive muscle contraction
- transmit nerve impulse
- the vast majority of chemical reactions that facilitate human life
Which chemical compound provides energy to drive muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, and the vast majority of chemical reactions that facilitate human life?
ATP
What is thermodynamics?
The relationship between heat and energy and how these are converted into one another.
What is the relationship between heat and energy called?
Thermodynamics
Which law explains how energy is transferred?
Law of Thermodynamics
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created nor destroyed.
AKA, law of conservation of energy.
What is metabolism?
Chemical processes occurring within the body to convert food to energy.
What are the chemical processes occurring within the body to convert food to energy called?
Metabolism
Which of the following are the primary molecules in our food that store energy within their chemical bonds?
Select all that apply.
A. Carbohydrates B. Fats C. Ketones D. Glycogen E. Protein
A, B, E
What molecules’ bond is broken during the usage of ATP that results in an ADP molecule and the release of free energy to drive muscle contractions?
Phosphate
Which of the following is an individual factor that affects energy balance?
A. Government
B. Media
C. Schools
D. Psychology
D. Psychology
What percentage of TDEE does Thermic Effect of Activity (TEA) makeup?
15-30%
What percentage of TDEE does Thermic Effect of Feeding (TEF) makeup?
10%
What percentage of TDEE does Resting Metabolism (RMR) makeup?
60-75%
How much does RMR decline with age per decade for men and women?
2% for men and 3% for women
RMR is proportional to lean body mass and decreases approximately ___kcal/min for each ___% increase in body fatness
decreases 0.01kcal/min for each 1% increase in body fat
What does MET stand for?
Metabolic Equivalent
What is metabolic equivalent (MET)?
One MET is often used to describe RMR and energy expenditure. One Metabolic Equivalent (MET) = 3.5 ml O2 / Kg/min
One MET = __ml O2/kg/min
3.5ml
Which hormones affect “energy out”?
Cortisol, testosterone, and thyroid hormone.
What is the biological process of combining free fatty acids with glycerol to form triglycerides known as?
Lipogenesis
What is lipogenesis?
Combining Free fatty acids + glycerol to form triglycerides
What is the biological process of breaking stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol known as?
Lipolysis