Nutrition during infancy Flashcards
Birth weight doubles by
4 to 6 months
Birth weight triples by
1 year
Appropriate weight gain averages ___________ per week during the first 5-6 months
150 - 210 g (5 - 7 oz)
An infant grows approximately _______ per month in height for the first 6 months
2.5 cm (1 in)
An infant grows approximately ________ per month the last 6 months
1.25 cm (0.5 in)
Head circumference increases ________ per month during the first 6 months
1.5 cm (0.6 in)
Head circumference increases ________ per month for months 6 thru 12
0.5 cm
Head circumference should have increased by _________ by 1 year, and is indicative of growth of the ________ __________
33%
Nervous system
Semi-solid foods should not be introduced before how many months of age?
4 months
Introduction of semi-solid foods should coincide with:
Development of head control
Ability to sit
Back-and-forth motion of the tongue
First solid food introduced?
Iron-fortified infant cereal
Why shouldn’t cow’s milk be introduced after 1 year of age?
Protein and mineral content stress the immature kidney
Advantages of breastfeeding:
Incidence of ear infections, GI and resp disorders are reduced
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are predigested for ready absorption
High in omega-3 fatty acids, low in sodium
Iron, zinc, and magnesium are highly absorbable
Calcium to phosphorus ratio is 2:1 so calcium absorption is enhanced
Risk of allergies is reduced
Bonding is promoted
How many feedings should there be in a 24 hr period?
8 - 12
How long should the newborn nurse per breast?
15 - 20 min
Should you educate clients regarding the expected duration of feedings?
No
What should you teach clients regarding how to evaluate if a newborn has completed feeding?
Slowing of newborn suckling
Softened breast
Sleeping
Expressed milk may be refrigerated in sterile bottles for how long?
3 - 5 days
Expressed milk may be frozen in sterile containers for how long?
6 months
How should you thaw milk?
In the refrigerator
How long can thawed milk be stored after thawing?
24 hours
Can you refreeze thawed milk?
No
What should you do with unused breast milk?
Discard it
What should a breastfeeding mother avoid consuming?
Fish
Alcohol
Limit caffeine
Iron-fortified formula is recommended for how long?
At least the first 6 months of life or until infant consumes adequate solid food
What may be required if an adequate level is not supplied by the water supply?
Fluoride
Bottles of mixed formula or open cans of liquid formula require
refrigeration
Do not use formula if it has been left at room temp for ________ or longer
2 hr or longer
The infant should not drink more than ________ of formula per 24 hr period
32 oz
Developmentally, when is an infant ready to be weaned to a cup?
5 to 8 months
It is best to substitute a cup for one feeding period at a time over a _________ day period
5-7 day period
The infant may not be ready to wean from bottle or breast until _____ months
12 - 14 months
Solid foods should not be introduced before 4-6 months due to:
risk of food allergies
Stress on immature kidneys
Indicators for readiness to eat solid foods:
Voluntary control of head and trunk
Hunger less than 4 hr after vigorous nursing or intake of 8 oz of formula
Interest in food
When can wheat cereals be introduced?
After first year
New foods should be introduced over a ____ to _____ day period to observe for signs of allergy or intolerance
5 - 7 day
Signs of allergy or intolerance to food:
Fussiness Rash Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation
Vegetables or fruits are first started when?
6 - 8 months
After both veggies and fruits have been introduced, what can be added to diet?
Meats
Delay the introduction of what because they may lead to allergic reactions?
Milk
Eggs
Wheat
Citrus fruits
The infant may be ready for 3 meals a day with 3 snacks by?
8 months
Open jars of infant food may be stored in fridge for
up to 24 hr
By how many months an infant should be able to eat table foods that are cooked, chopped, and unseasoned?
9 months
Why should you not give an infant honey?
Risk for botulism
Appropriate finger foods include:
Ripe bananas Toast strips Graham crackers Cheese cubes Noodles Peeled chunks of apples, pears, or peaches
Characterized by persistent crying lasting 3 hr or longer per day; usually occurs in the late afternoon, more than 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks. Crying is accompanied by tense abd and legs drawn up to belly
Colic
Colic usually resolves by when
3 months
Breastfeeding mothers can eliminate what foods to help with colic:
Cruciferous veggies (cauliflower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts)
Cow’s milk
Onion
Chocolate
Measures that can help colic
Burping in the infant in an upright position Giving warm water Swaddling Carrying the infant Rocking Repetitive soft sound
Inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, the predominant sugar of milk, and is due to inadequate lactase, the enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose
Lactose intolerance
Increased prevalence of lactose intolerance occurs in:
Asians Native Americans Africans Latinos Mediterranean descent
S/sx of lactose intolerance
abd distention
Flatus
Occasional diarrhea
What kind of formulas can be prescribed as alternative formulas for infants who are lactose intolerant?
Soy-based (ProSobee or Isomil) Casein hydrolysate (Nutramigen or Pregestimil)
Inadequate gains in weight and height in comparison to established growth and development norms
Failure to thrive
What can cause failure to thrive?
Congenital defects CNS disorders Partial intestinal obstruction Swallowing or sucking problems Psychosocial problems
Characterized by passage of more than 3 loose, water stools over a 24 hr period
Diarrhea
Common causes of osmotic diarrhea
Overfeeding
Food intolerances
Infectious diarrhea is commonly caused by
Rotavirus
Moderate diarrhea should be treated with
Oral rehydration solutions - Pedialyte, Infalyte, ReVital
For moderate diarrhea, after each loose stool, how much oral rehydration solution should be given?
8 oz
S/sx of dehydration:
Listlessness Sunken eyes Decreased tears Dry mucous membranes Decreased urine output
Inability or difficulty to evacuate the bowels
Constipation
Constipation may be caused by
Formula that is too concentrated
Inadequate carbohydrate intake
