Nutrition during infancy

Question 1

Birth weight doubles by

Answer 1

4 to 6 months

Question 2

Birth weight triples by

Answer 2

1 year

Question 3

Appropriate weight gain averages ___________ per week during the first 5-6 months

Answer 3

150 - 210 g (5 - 7 oz)

Question 4

An infant grows approximately _______ per month in height for the first 6 months

Answer 4

2.5 cm (1 in)

Question 5

An infant grows approximately ________ per month the last 6 months

Answer 5

1.25 cm (0.5 in)

Question 6

Head circumference increases ________ per month during the first 6 months

Answer 6

1.5 cm (0.6 in)

Question 7

Head circumference increases ________ per month for months 6 thru 12

Answer 7

0.5 cm

Question 8

Head circumference should have increased by _________ by 1 year, and is indicative of growth of the ________ __________

Answer 8

33%

Nervous system

Question 9

Semi-solid foods should not be introduced before how many months of age?

Answer 9

4 months

Question 10

Introduction of semi-solid foods should coincide with:

Answer 10

Development of head control
Ability to sit
Back-and-forth motion of the tongue

Question 11

First solid food introduced?

Answer 11

Iron-fortified infant cereal

Question 12

Why shouldn’t cow’s milk be introduced after 1 year of age?

Answer 12

Protein and mineral content stress the immature kidney

Question 13

Advantages of breastfeeding:

Answer 13

Incidence of ear infections, GI and resp disorders are reduced
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are predigested for ready absorption
High in omega-3 fatty acids, low in sodium
Iron, zinc, and magnesium are highly absorbable
Calcium to phosphorus ratio is 2:1 so calcium absorption is enhanced
Risk of allergies is reduced
Bonding is promoted

Question 14

How many feedings should there be in a 24 hr period?

Answer 14

8 - 12

Question 15

How long should the newborn nurse per breast?

Answer 15

15 - 20 min

Question 16

Should you educate clients regarding the expected duration of feedings?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What should you teach clients regarding how to evaluate if a newborn has completed feeding?

Answer 17

Slowing of newborn suckling
Softened breast
Sleeping

Question 18

Expressed milk may be refrigerated in sterile bottles for how long?

Answer 18

3 - 5 days

Question 19

Expressed milk may be frozen in sterile containers for how long?

Answer 19

6 months

Question 20

How should you thaw milk?

Answer 20

In the refrigerator

Question 21

How long can thawed milk be stored after thawing?

Answer 21

24 hours

Question 22

Can you refreeze thawed milk?

Answer 22

No

Question 23

What should you do with unused breast milk?

Answer 23

Discard it

Question 24

What should a breastfeeding mother avoid consuming?

Answer 24

Fish
Alcohol
Limit caffeine

Question 25

Iron-fortified formula is recommended for how long?

Answer 25

At least the first 6 months of life or until infant consumes adequate solid food

Question 26

What may be required if an adequate level is not supplied by the water supply?

Answer 26

Fluoride

Question 27

Bottles of mixed formula or open cans of liquid formula require

Answer 27

refrigeration

Question 28

Do not use formula if it has been left at room temp for ________ or longer

Answer 28

2 hr or longer

Question 29

The infant should not drink more than ________ of formula per 24 hr period

Answer 29

32 oz

Question 30

Developmentally, when is an infant ready to be weaned to a cup?

Answer 30

5 to 8 months

Question 31

It is best to substitute a cup for one feeding period at a time over a _________ day period

Answer 31

5-7 day period

Question 32

The infant may not be ready to wean from bottle or breast until _____ months

Answer 32

12 - 14 months

Question 33

Solid foods should not be introduced before 4-6 months due to:

Answer 33

risk of food allergies | Stress on immature kidneys

Question 34

Indicators for readiness to eat solid foods:

Answer 34

Voluntary control of head and trunk Hunger less than 4 hr after vigorous nursing or intake of 8 oz of formula Interest in food

Question 35

When can wheat cereals be introduced?

Answer 35

After first year

Question 36

New foods should be introduced over a ____ to _____ day period to observe for signs of allergy or intolerance

Answer 36

5 - 7 day

Question 37

Signs of allergy or intolerance to food:

Answer 37

``` Fussiness Rash Vomiting Diarrhea Constipation ```

Question 38

Vegetables or fruits are first started when?

Answer 38

6 - 8 months

Question 39

After both veggies and fruits have been introduced, what can be added to diet?

Answer 39

Meats

Question 40

Delay the introduction of what because they may lead to allergic reactions?

Answer 40

Milk Eggs Wheat Citrus fruits

Question 41

The infant may be ready for 3 meals a day with 3 snacks by?

Answer 41

8 months

Question 42

Open jars of infant food may be stored in fridge for

Answer 42

up to 24 hr

Question 43

By how many months an infant should be able to eat table foods that are cooked, chopped, and unseasoned?

Answer 43

9 months

Question 44

Why should you not give an infant honey?

Answer 44

Risk for botulism

Question 45

Appropriate finger foods include:

Answer 45

``` Ripe bananas Toast strips Graham crackers Cheese cubes Noodles Peeled chunks of apples, pears, or peaches ```

Question 46

Characterized by persistent crying lasting 3 hr or longer per day; usually occurs in the late afternoon, more than 3 days per week for more than 3 weeks. Crying is accompanied by tense abd and legs drawn up to belly

Answer 46

Colic

Question 47

Colic usually resolves by when

Answer 47

3 months

Question 48

Breastfeeding mothers can eliminate what foods to help with colic:

Answer 48

Cruciferous veggies (cauliflower, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts) Cow's milk Onion Chocolate

Question 49

Measures that can help colic

Answer 49

``` Burping in the infant in an upright position Giving warm water Swaddling Carrying the infant Rocking Repetitive soft sound ```

Question 50

Inability to digest significant amounts of lactose, the predominant sugar of milk, and is due to inadequate lactase, the enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose

Answer 50

Lactose intolerance

Question 51

Increased prevalence of lactose intolerance occurs in:

Answer 51

``` Asians Native Americans Africans Latinos Mediterranean descent ```

Question 52

S/sx of lactose intolerance

Answer 52

abd distention Flatus Occasional diarrhea

Question 53

What kind of formulas can be prescribed as alternative formulas for infants who are lactose intolerant?

Answer 53

``` Soy-based (ProSobee or Isomil) Casein hydrolysate (Nutramigen or Pregestimil) ```

Question 54

Inadequate gains in weight and height in comparison to established growth and development norms

Answer 54

Failure to thrive

Question 55

What can cause failure to thrive?

Answer 55

``` Congenital defects CNS disorders Partial intestinal obstruction Swallowing or sucking problems Psychosocial problems ```

Question 56

Characterized by passage of more than 3 loose, water stools over a 24 hr period

Answer 56

Diarrhea

Question 57

Common causes of osmotic diarrhea

Answer 57

Overfeeding | Food intolerances

Question 58

Infectious diarrhea is commonly caused by

Answer 58

Rotavirus

Question 59

Moderate diarrhea should be treated with

Answer 59

Oral rehydration solutions - Pedialyte, Infalyte, ReVital

Question 60

For moderate diarrhea, after each loose stool, how much oral rehydration solution should be given?

Answer 60

8 oz

Question 61

S/sx of dehydration:

Answer 61

``` Listlessness Sunken eyes Decreased tears Dry mucous membranes Decreased urine output ```

Question 62

Inability or difficulty to evacuate the bowels

Answer 62

Constipation

Question 63

Constipation may be caused by

Answer 63

Formula that is too concentrated | Inadequate carbohydrate intake