Nutrition, Diet and Body Weight

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

The chemical process that occurs within an organism in order to maintain life

Question 2

What are the 4 metabolic pathways?

Answer 2

• Oxidative
• Fuel Storage and Mobilisation
• Biosynthetic
• Detoxification

Question 3

Name 3 processes that require energy

Answer 3

• Movement of ions and nutrients
• Muscle contraction
• Nervous contraction
• Cellular component synthesis

Question 4

What kind of energy do cells use to drive energy requiring activities?

Answer 4

Chemical Bond Energy

Question 5

What is the relationship between kilocalories and kilojoules?

Answer 5

1 kcal = 4.2 kJ

Question 6

What is another way to describe a carbohydrate?

Answer 6

Polysaccharide

Question 7

Name 2 Disaccharides

Answer 7

• Lactose
• Sucrose
• Fructose

Question 8

What is glucose?

Answer 8

A 6-Carbon sugar

Question 9

Name 2 Polysaccharides

Answer 9

• Starch
• Glycogen
• Cellulose

Question 10

How many amino acids are in the body?

Answer 10

20

Question 11

How many amino acids can only be obtained from the diet? Name 2

Answer 11

• 9

- Histidine/Valine/Phenylalanine

Question 12

What is the building block of fats?

Answer 12

Triaglycerols

Question 13

What are fats required for?

Answer 13

Required for vitamin absorption and to provide essential fatty acids

Question 14

What do dietary electrolytes do?

Answer 14

Establish Ion gradients

Question 15

What is the job of most dietary trace minerals?

Answer 15

To act as Enzyme Co-factors

Question 16

What are the two types of vitamin? Name 2 of each type

Answer 16

Fat Soluble - A, D, E, K

Water Soluble - Thiamin, B12, Folate, Riboflavin

Question 17

Name 4 dietary fibres and what can’t the body do to these?

Answer 17

• Cellulose
• Lignin
• Pectins
• Gums
• Dietary fibres cannot be digested

Question 18

Name 2 conditions reduced by a high fibre diet

Answer 18

• Cholesterol

- Risk of bowel cancer

Question 19

What makes up Daily Energy Expenditure?

Answer 19

• Basal Metabolic Rate
• Diet Induces Thermogenesis
• Physical Activity Level

Question 20

What is Basal Metabolic Rate? Name 2 influencing factors

Answer 20

• Maintains resting activities of the body like cell/organ function and body temperature
  Influencing Factors - body size, gender, environmental temperature

Question 21

Define Voluntary Physical Activity

Answer 21

The energy demands of skeletal, heart and respiratory muscle

Question 22

Name 3 types of body energy stores

Answer 22

• Short term stores in muscles
• Carbohydrate stored for immediate use
• Long term stores in adipose tissue

Question 23

How is body mass index calculated and what are the units?

Answer 23

Weight (kg) / Height squared (m2)

Units = kg/m2

Question 24

What is an alternative to body mass index?

Answer 24

Waist to hip ratio

Question 25

What kind of obesity is the most damaging?

Answer 25

Abdominal obesity

Question 26

Define underweight, desirable, overweight, obese and morbidly obese in terms of BMI brackets

Answer 26

``` Underweight = <18.5 Desirable = 18.5 - 24.9 Overweight = 25 - 29.9 Obese - 30 - 34.9 Morbidly Obese - >35 ```

Question 27

Name the two types of Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Answer 27

- Marasmus | - Kwashiorkor

Question 28

Name 2 symptoms of Marasmus

Answer 28

- Age <5 - Muscle wasting - Loss of body fat without oedema - Diarrhoea/Anaemia

Question 29

Name 3 symptoms of Kwashiorkor

Answer 29

- Distended abdomen - Low serum albumin - Enlarged liver and ascites - Generalised oedema - Insufficient amino acids

Question 30

What causes Kwashiorkor?

Answer 30

A diet with some carbohydrate but no protein

Question 31

Why does Kwashiorkor cause oedema?

Answer 31

Decreased protein oncotic pressure forces fluid out of the capillaries into the interstitium

Question 32

Name 3 conditions relating to vitamin deficiency and which vitamin they relate to

Answer 32

``` Vitamin D - Rickets Vitamin K - Defective Blood Clotting Vitamin B1 - Beriberi Vitamin B12 - Anaemia Vitamin C - Scurvy Folate - Neural Tube Defects Niacin - Pellagra ```