Carbohydrate Energy Production 1 Flashcards
What is the most common metabolite?
Acetyl CoA
What are the 4 stages of Catabolism?
- Breakdown of fuel molecules to building block molecules
- Degradation of building blocks to organic precursors
- Kerbs Cycle
- Electron transport and Oxidative phosphorylation
What bonds are broken in the first stage of Catabolism?
C-N
C-O
What bonds are broken in stage 2 of Catabolism and where does it take place?
C-C bonds broken
Intracellular in cytoplasm and mitochondria
What is the general formula of carbohydrates and what groups do they contain?
(CH2O)n
Contain aldose or ketose groups
What are the 3 dietary monosaccharides?
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
What monosaccharides constitute Lactose?
Galactose and Glucose
Name 3 dietary carbohydrates
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
- Starch
- Glycogen
Name 3 bodily components that require Glucose
- Red blood cells
- Neutrophils
- Kidney Medulla
- Lens of the eye
- CNS
What is a normal blood glucose reading?
Around 5mM
How and where are carbohydrates broken down before they reach the small intestine?
Salivary Amylase - Starch/Glycogen broken down to dextrins
Pancreatic Amylase - Dextrins converted to monosaccharides
Name 2 enzymes found in the small intestine and where are they found?
Enzymes are attached to the brush border of Epithelial Cells
- Lactase
- Sucrase
- Pancreatic Amylase
- Isomaltase
Which substance is indigestible, why and what purpose does it serve?
- Cellulose
- No enzyme to break down beta linkages
- Role as dietary fibre to aid movement in GI tract
What are the 3 types of Lactose intolerance and what causes them?
- Primary lactase deficiency - Absence of lactase persistence allele
- Secondary lactase deficiency - Small intestine injury (reversible)
- Congenital lactase deficiency - Autosomal recessive defect in lactase gene
What two ways can sugar be absorbed?
- Active transport using sodium pump glucose transporter (SGLT1)
- Passive transport using glucose transporters from cell to blood
