Carbohydrate Energy Production 2 Flashcards
What are the 2 most important intermediates of Glycolysis
- Glycerol Phosphate
- 2,3-Biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
What is the role of Glycerol Phosphate?
Important in triglyceride and phospholipid biosynthesis
What is the main role of 2,3-Biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)?
Important regulator of the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin and promotes its release
What stops the normal path of Glycolysis in red blood cells?
NAD+ unable to be regenerated from NADH and need to produce it via a different pathway
Which enzyme reduces NADH in red blood cells?
Lactate Dehydrogenase
What is the byproduct of NADH conversion in RBCs and how is it excreted?
Produces lactate which is metabolised to Pyruvate in the heart, kidneys and liver
What are the byproducts of lactate metabolism in the liver, heart and kidneys?
Energy and CO2
What is plasma lactate level determined by and what is a normal level?
- Determined by production, utilisation and disposal
- Normal level <2mM
What 2 terms are used for raised lactate and what parameters indicate these?
Hyperlactaemia - lactate of 2-5mM with no blood pH change
Lactic Acidosis - lactate >5mM with low blood pH
What are the 3 dietary sugars and what process can they contribute to?
- Fructose, Glucose and Galactose
- All feed into the commuting step of Glycolysis
What 2 conditions are characterised by Fructose enzyme deficiency?
Essential Fructosuria - Fructose in urine
Fructose Intolerance - Liver damage due to build up
What is the name of Galactose Enzyme Deficiency and how many enzymes affect it?
- Galactosaemia
- Deficiency in any of 3 enzymes
Where is Galactose metabolised?
Liver
What happens in Galactosaemia caused by lack of Aldose Reductase?
- Excess NADPH
- Accumulation of Galactose causing damage to eyes/liver/kidney
- Inappropriate disulphide bond formation
In which part of the cell does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?
Cytoplasm
