Nutrition and Wasting Disorders Flashcards
What is Cancer?
uncontrolled growth of cells
What are oncogenes?
nucleic acid sequences that turns normal cells into cancerous cells
What are Tumor Suppressor Genes?
keep cell division in check
What are proto-oncogenes?
works with tumor suppressor genes to keep cell division in check
What is Apoptosis?
programmed cell death, keeps cell division in check
What is Metastasis?
the spreading of cancer
What is Benign?
abnormal growth but doesn’t spread or threaten other parts of the body’s cells
What is malignant?
spreading cancer
How does DNA mutation happen?
Proto-oncogenes turn into oncogenes… oncogenes code for cancer
Benign tumor…
non cancerous, usually grows within a self contained capsule. does not invade nearby tissue or spread
Malignant tumor…
cancerous, usually grows out of control and may spread to other parts of the body through the blood or lymph systems
Carcinoma
cancer of the epithelial tissue
Sarcoma
cancer of the connective tissue
Carcinogen
component that causes cancer
Cancer Cachexia
anorexia, increased metabolism that leads to wasting
Cytokines
fight tumors, increase metabolism (high energy demand, low energy supply)
T/F Treatment for cancer will give you a lack of appetite and nausea.
True esp. with chemotherapy
When talking about the nutrition aspect of cancer what is a Promoter?
promotes or induce mutation (ex. fat)
When talking about the nutrition aspect of cancer what is an Antipromoter?
stops or reverses mutation
Examples:
Fiber: decreases contact time
Vitamin C and E : antioxidant (fight off free radicals)
Selenium : prevents MUFA and PUFA oxidation
Phytochemicals: vegetables
Dithiolthiones in cruciferous vegetables
What is the Antipromoter in cruciferous vegetables called?
dithiolthiones
Selenium is an Antipromoter that prevents MUFA and PUFA oxidation… What is MUFA and PUFA?
MUFA - mono unsaturated fatty acid
PUFA - poly unsaturated fatty acid
both MUFA and PUFA (fat) when oxidized give you free radicals… which destroys cells and causes DNA mutation
What are some examples of cruciferous vegetables?
cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, brussel sprouts, collards, turnips, radishes
What are the types of treatment for cancer?
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Surgery
Radiation Cancer Treatment
X-rays and gamma rays (reactive oxygen radicals, DNA damage)
Chemotherapy Cancer Treatment
drugs (inhibit growth, shrink tumor before surgery, prevent metastasis)
Purpose: to stop cell division (growth)
Side effect: damage to healthy, normal dividing cells
Surgery Cancer Treatment
removal of the tumor
Surgery depends on if they can get all of the tumor out, if not the tumor could grow back
Discuss the Tumor Metabolism
goes through Glycolysis
if less oxygen: production of lactic acid
liver use more energy: conversion into glucose
Bone Marrow Transplant patients
IV feedings with Glutamate (becomes an essential amino acid when body is under stress)
Lactose-free, low fiber, low fat, liquids, high protein, high Ca, high vitamin D
How do tumor cells grow?
tumor cells also go through glycolysis but cancer cells don’t go through the Krebs cycle… they accumulate lactic acid on the muscles and then the Cori Cycle (to remove the lactic acid) increases the demand of the liver
*the cori cycle takes place in the liver
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
comes from HIV (a viral infection of the helper T-cells)
nutrition seems to correlate with survival time
What is the cause of death with AIDS?
opportunistic infections (secondary infections to the AIDS)
What is the incubation time for AIDS?
long incubation time… YEARS
What to helper T cells do?
tell your body what is an infection and when you need to fight it off
What happens when you have damaged or no helper T cells?
your body cannot tell you when you need to fight off invaders so they go unchecked
When does a person go from having HIV to AIDS?
When your helper T cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3
your body can no longer tell what is an infection at this point
What are the nutritional problems related to AIDS?
hypermetabolic stress and depression Thrush Herpes ulcers in the mouth Pneumonia and TB Nausea, diarrhea, and loss of appetite Malabsorption low acid secretion (calcium and iron favor acidity) bacterial overgrowth
What is thrush?
fungal infection of the mouth
