Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition Exam 4 > Diabetes & Hypo glycermia > Flashcards

Diabetes & Hypo glycermia Flashcards

1
Q

What is PKU?

A

Phenylketonuria.

Genetic disability to break down Phenylalanine (an essential amino acid)

seen in infants (if not diagnosed early will lead to death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the S/S of PKU?

A

Skin rash

(3-6 months) irritability, franticness, sleeplessness

(1 y/o) irreversible brain damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the treatment for infants diagnosed with PKU?

A

Strict diet while young. Low Phe. Formula (phenylalanine is an essential amino acid and almost impossible for you to eliminate Phe. entirely b/c it’s in a lot of food). Usually diet becomes less strict with age and most PKU babies are able to live normally w/o watching everything they eat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Galactosemia?

A

genetic inability to convert galactose into glucose.

Diet restriction: Milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the complications of Galactosemia?

A

vomiting, diarrhea, liver enlargement, nervous system damage, coma, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Galactose is in ________ found in _____ milk.

A

Lactose. Cow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus characterized by?

A

elevated blood glucose concentrations, disordered insulin metabolism, inability to secrete sufficient insulin, use insulin effectively, or both

Type 1 and Type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which is the most common type of DM?

A

Type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is IDDM?

A

Insulin Dependent DM - Type 1

produces little or no insulin: AUTOIMMUNE destruction of pancreatic beta cells

occurs in young people

SEVERE symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is NIDDM?

A

Non Insulin Dependent DM - Type 2

Overweight people over 40, obese kids can develop this

moderate symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Can Type 2 diabetes lead to Type 1?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the acute complications of Diabetes?

A

Hyperglycemia
Glycosuria
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Hyperglycemia?

A

high blood glucose

can cause damage to the blood vessels, nerves, and tissues

S/S
thirst, fatigue, acetone breath, labored breathing, hunger, blurry vision, increased urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Glycosuria?

A

glucose in the urine.
-plasma glucose concentration exceeds renal threshold, passes to urine

Glucose draws additional water leading to POLYURIA (excessive urination) and POLYDIPSIA (excessive thirst)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis?

A

increased activity of glucagon.

  • breakdown of triglyceride and protein
  • fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis (gluconeogenesis further increased blood glucose)
  • excessive amount of ketones (acid) in the blood, low pH (ketoacidosis), spill into the urine (ketonuria - presence of ketones in the blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose
inappropriate management of diabetes (too much insulin, skipping meals, excessive insulin)

s/s
Hunger, shakiness, headache, nervousness, sweating, confusion, heart palpitations, slurred speech, double vision

17
Q

Chronic Macrovasuclar Complication of Diabetes

A
  • damage to the blood vessels
  • development of atherosclerosis
  • increased tendencies for thrombosis
  • impaired blood flow in the arteries will give you claudication, foot ulcers, and gangrene
18
Q

What is claudication?

A

pain while walking

19
Q

Macrovascular complications are especially common in what form of Diabetes? what are the risk factors?

A

DM II

multiple risk factors: obesity, HTN, abnormal blood lipids

20
Q

Is claudication an early or late stage of diabetes?

A

late sign

21
Q

What are the 3 types of Chronic Microvascular Complication of Diabetes

A

Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic neuropathy

22
Q

What is Diabetic Retinopathy?

A

EYES

  • damage to the small vessels in the retina
  • Defective blood flow: damage and scaring of the retina
  • can result in blindness
23
Q

What is Diabetic Nephropathy?

A

KIDNEY
-damage to small vessels in the glomeruli —- contributes to — abnormal protein losses in the urine (Microalbuminuria)—will experience —decrease in urine production due to kidney damage

24
Q

What is Microalbuminuria?

A

abnormal protein losses in the urine

25
Q

What id Diabetic Neuropathy?

A

NERVE

  • nerve degeneration in 50% of the cases
  • will have pain, numbness, tingling sensation, loss of sensation
  • contributes to the development of foot ulcers
  • other abnormalities: sweating abnormalities, sexual dysfunction, constipation, and delayed stomach emptying (gastroparesis)
26
Q

What is Gastroparesis?

A

delayed stomach emptying

27
Q

What is the treatment for diabetes?

A
  • carbohydrate-controlled diet
  • the importance of a low glycemic index diet
  • HbA1c levels under control
28
Q

Describe the Glycemic Index?

A

an indicator of the effect carbohydrates have on sugar levels in the blood after ingestion (how fast a carb is broken down and raises the blood sugar)

ranges from 1-100

29
Q

High Glycemic Index

A

carbohydrates turns into glucose quickly, rapid rise in blood glucose

30
Q

Low Glycemic Index

A

carbohydrates break down more slowly, releases into the blood stream at a gradual pace

Below 55

31
Q

What is HbA1c?

A
  • a parameter for monitoring diabetes

- Glycated Hb or glycosylated Hb: Hb with glucose attached to an amino acid, does not carry oxygen well

32
Q

What is a normal Hb1Ac ?

A

less than 6% (person w/o diabetes)

33
Q

What Hb1Ac range is indicative of poorly controlled diabetes?

A

6-14%

34
Q

What is the Target Hb1Ac for DM patients?

A

below 7%

Nutrition Exam 4 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions