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Nutrition Exam 4 > Disorders of the Kidney > Flashcards

Disorders of the Kidney Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the Kidneys?

A

waste filtration

reabsorption of sodium and water (and other things)

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2
Q

What are the side products in the kidney?

A

Urea: protein breakdown (ammonia from amino acids + CO2 = urea)
Uric Acid: nucleic acid breakdown (also part of amino acid)
Creatinine: muscle metabolism product

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3
Q

What is Renal Failure?

A

kidney failure

will have…Azotemia, Uremia, Impaired kidney function, Hyperkalemia

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4
Q

What is Azotemia?

A

increased Nitrogen compounds in the blood

*nitrogen is not always a waste

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5
Q

What is Uremia?

A

nitrogen WASTE in the blood

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6
Q

What are the S/S of impaired kidney function?

A

fatigue, lethargy, confusion, headache, anorexia, metallic taste in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

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7
Q

What is Hyperkalemia?

A

high blood potassium (acute renal failure), altered heart rate, heart failure

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8
Q

What is an indication of kidney function?

A

Uremia

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9
Q

What is Dialysis?

A
  • for kidney failure
  • removal of wastes from the blood using diffusion and osmosis

frequency of treatment increases with time and progression of disease

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10
Q

What is Peritoneal Dialysis?

A

A similar solution to blood plasma is injected and infused into the abdominal cavity for 4-6 hours.

not as common these days

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11
Q

What is Hemodialysis?

A

blood passes through a machine that removes the wastes

Most common these days

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12
Q

Acute Renal Failure

A

-occurs suddenly

Causes of Acute Renal Failure:
heart failure, shock, blood loss, urinary tract obstruction, toxins, bacteria, drugs

S/S:
1st stage - decreased urine production
Later Stage - large urine output (kidney cannot reabsorb water)

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13
Q

In Acute Renal Failure why does urine output go from decreased urine production in the 1st stage to Large urine output in the later stage?

A

because kidney is damaged so much that it cannot reabsorb the water

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14
Q

What is the Diet for Renal Failure?

A
  • increased calories
  • restricted protein
  • controlled water, Na and K

Chronic renal failure should also include vitamin supplements

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15
Q

Why do you want to restrict protein consumption in Renal Failure?

A

b/c protein breakdown (ammonia) puts extra burden on the kidney

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16
Q

Why do you want to restrict Na and K consumption in Renal Failure?

A

-fluid balance… don’t want too much water, Na or K

17
Q

Chronic Renal Failure

A

-develops slowly

Causes of Chronic Renal Failure:
-inflammation, artery obstruction (decreased blood flow) in kidney, stones, diabetes, high blood pressure

S/S:
-swelling, high BP, CHF, acidosis, K/Ca imbalance, arrhythmias, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

18
Q

What is an alternative to Dialysis?

A

Kidney transplant

19
Q

What are the barriers to a kidney transplant?

A
  • not enough supply of kidneys
  • advanced age and poor health (not good candidates)
  • financial difficulties $$$
20
Q

What kind of drug to kidney transplant patients have to be put on? What are the side effects of this medication?

A
  • immunosuppressive
  • to prevent tissue rejection

Side effects:
-altered nutrition status: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, glucose intolerance, altered blood lipids, fluid retention, hypertension

food safety guidelines

21
Q

What are the dietary guidelines for Kidney transplant patients?

A
  • controlled proteins
  • Na: generally unrestricted, unless edema and hypertension are present
  • K, Ca, and P : generally unrestricted
  • Vitamin and mineral supplements
22
Q

Immunosuppressant drugs can cost up to how much a month?

A

$2500

23
Q

on average how much is a single kidney transplant?

A

$259000

24
Q

What is Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

when you have loss of plasma proteins in the urine exceeding 3.0 to 3.5 grams a day

Damage to the glomeruli: increase permeability to plasma protein (protein escapes into the urine)

25
Q

What are the causes of Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

infections, diabetes, circulatory disorders

26
Q

What are the symptoms and consequences of Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

Swelling (edema): albumin is lost in the urine, fluid shifts from the blood… attributes to ascites

CVD (cardiovascular disease) : urinary loss of proteins that inhibit blood clotting, increase level of plasma protein that favors blood clotting

Other effects: infections (loss of antibodies [antibodies are proteins]), rickets (loss of vitamin D carrier)

27
Q

What is the recommended diet for Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

restricted protein, low fat, low Na, vitamin D and Ca supplements

28
Q

What is albumin?

A

a protein that retains water

this protein is one that can be excreted by the kidneys

29
Q

Altered blood lipids lead to high risk of ….

A

CVD

30
Q

What are kidney stones made of?

A

could be made of crystalized….

Ca-oxalate, uric acid, cysteine or Mg compounds

31
Q

What are the possible causes of kidney stones?

A

dehydration or low urine volume (favors crystallization)

Uric Acidity: some stones form readily in acidic or alkaline conditions

Metabolic Factors and Renal Disease : calcification of tissue and phosphate accumulation (too high minerals)

Genetics: if parents suffer from kidney stones, you will have a high chance of suffering as well

32
Q

What is the main symptom of kidney stones?

A

renal colic (severe pain as stones pass through the ureter…if it can pass through the ureter)

33
Q

What is the treatment of kidney stones?

A

high fluid intake, surgery, lithotripsy (ultrasound)

34
Q

What is the recommended diet for those who suffer from kidney stones?

A

increased fluid, normal Ca, low uric acid and oxalate, no vitamin C megadoses, restricted Na

35
Q

Why don’t you want to take vitamin C megadoses when you suffer from kidney stones?

A

because vitamin C increases oxalate solubility

36
Q

What are food that are high in oxalate? (ones you need to stay away with when you have kidney stones)

A

green beans, celery, green, eggplant, legumes, okra, sweet potatoes, spinach, squash, soybeans, berries, grapes, chocolate, coffee, beer, grits, nuts, pepper, tea

Nutrition Exam 4 (10 decks)

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