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Nutrition Exam 4 > Disorders of the Lower GI Tract > Flashcards

Disorders of the Lower GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Diarrhea

A

passage of frequent, watery stool

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2
Q

Secretory Diarrhea

A

secretion of fluid exceeds the amount that can be re-absorbed

causes: bacterial food poisoning

bacteria affects the re-absorption of water

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3
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea

A

unabsorbed material attracts water to the colon

Causes: Lactose deficiency, ingestion of laxatives

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4
Q

Intractable Diarrhea

A

chronic, does not respond to treatment

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5
Q

What is the treatment for Diarrhea?

A

1st: fluid and electrolyte replacement
low fiber
lactose free

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6
Q

Fat Malabsorption

A

Cause:
-interference with the production of either bile or pancreatic lipase

unabsorbed fatty acids binds with minerals to form “soap”

causes Steatorrhea

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7
Q

What is Soap?

A

the chemical component formed when unabsorbed fatty acids bind with minerals

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8
Q

What is Steatorrhea?

A

excessive fat in stool (Stool floats)

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9
Q

What are the S/S of Fat Malabsorption?

A

loss of energy, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, minerals, bone disease, kidney stones (high oxalate absorption)

*Fat is nutrient dense so they wont be getting a lot of nutrients

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10
Q

What dietary adjustments need to be made for Fat Malabsorption patients?

A

high calorie (protein)

MCT (medium-chain triglycerides : these are short chain fatty acids, b/c long chain triglycerides are the ones that require bile to be digested)

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11
Q

What does bile do?

A

emulsifies fat so digestive enzymes can do their job and nutrients can be absorbed

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12
Q

How does Fat Malabsorption contribute to kidney stone production?

A

in a normal healthy condition:
oxalate binds with calcium —> calcium oxalate (excreted with stools)

with fat Malabsorption:
fatty acids bind with calcium… oxalate cannot bind with calcium and is reabsorbed into the blood and filtered in the kidney…which attributes to kidney stone formation

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13
Q

What is pancreatitis?

A

inflammation of the pancreas

damage to the pancreatic tissue will release pancreatic enzymes causing the pancreas to self digest itself

may last few days, weeks or months

may be acute or chronic

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14
Q

What are the S/S of pancreatitis?

A

pain, vomiting, Steatorrhea (pancreatitis leads to fat Malabsorption), weight loss

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15
Q

What are the causes of pancreatitis?

A

gallstones, excessive alcohol consumption, exposure to toxin, cancer

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16
Q

What are the nutritional recommendations for patients with pancreatitis?

A

replacement of fluid and electrolytes

progressive diet: low fat, high protein, small meal, pancreatic enzyme replacement (chronic cases)

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17
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

GENETIC disorder: the most common life-threatening disorder among Caucasians (1 in 2000 to 1 in 3000)

production of THICK MUCUS clogs lungs and pancreas

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18
Q

What will Cystic Fibrosis eventually lead to?

A

LUNG DISEASE: obstructions in small airways, labored breathing, chronic coughing, respiratory infections

PANCREATIC DISEASE: accumulation of digestive enzyme in the pancreas, Malabsorption, pancreatitis, hyperglycemia, diabetes
-pancreatic duct is clogged with mucus

19
Q

What are the diet requirements for Cystic Fibrosis patients?

A

high calorie/high protein diet, frequent meals, extra vitamins, minerals (Ca and Na), pancreatic enzyme replacement

20
Q

What is Celiac Disease?

A

abnormal immune response to a protein fraction in wheat gluten

shrinking of the intestinal cells (surface area isn’t as large and nutrient absorption is effected)

Malabsorption of macronutrients, fat-soluble vitamins, electrolytes, calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, folate, and vitamin B12

21
Q

What are the S/S of Celiac Disease?

A

diarrhea, Steatorrhea, flatulence, lactase deficiency, stunted growth, underweight

22
Q

What considerations do those with Celiac Disease have to take?

A

removal of wheat, oats, rye and barley from diet

READ LABELS CAREFULLY b/c gluten may not be listed but other components/ingredients may contain gluten

23
Q

What are the two types of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis

24
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

inflammation along the GI tract: mostly ileum and colon but can be anywhere in the GI tract

25
Q

What are the S/S of Crohn’s Disease?

A

diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss

26
Q

What are the complications of Crohn’s disease?

A

MALNUTRITION: Malabsorption of fat, fat-soluble vitamins, Ca, Mg, Zn, vitamin B12

Anemia

Anorexia

Increased risk of cancer in small intestine

27
Q

What are the dietary recommendations for Crohn’s Disease?

A

high calorie, high protein, low fat (fat is mostly absorbed in the intestines, inflammation effects absorption), low fiber, low lactose, small and frequent meals

28
Q

What is Ulcerative Colitis?

A

inflammation starts in the rectum and expands to the colon, usually ulcer development occurs

serious when accompanies with rectal bleeding

29
Q

What are the S/S of Ulcerative Colitis?

A

diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain

30
Q

What are the complications of Ulcerative Colitis?

A

weight loss, fever, weakness, anemia, dehydration, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, protein losses, high risk of developing colon cancer

31
Q

What are the dietary recommendations for Ulcerative Colitis?

A

fluid and electrolyte replacement

high protein, low fat, low fiber diet

correction of deficiencies due to protein and blood losses

32
Q

What is Short Bowel Syndrome?

A

a group of problems related to poor absorption of nutrients that typically occurs in people who have had half or more of their small intestines removed

When part of the small intestines has been resected (removed), the remaining will lengthen and thicken. Malabsorption occurs when absorptive capacity of the remaining intestine is insufficient for meeting nutritional needs.

33
Q

What is Intestinal Adaptation?

A

the remaining intestines lengthens and thickens

-having part of the small intestines resected doesn’t always lead to Malabsorption because of this

34
Q

Does the ileum of jejunum have a greater capacity for adaptation?

A

ileum

35
Q

What are the S/S of Short Bowel Syndrome?

A

diarrhea, Steatorrhea, dehydration, weight loss, hypocalcemia (low blood Ca), hypomagnesemia (low blood Mg), anemia

36
Q

What is a Colectomy?

A

removal of large intestine

will have a reduction in fluid and electrolyte absorption

37
Q

What is the suggested diet changes for Short Bowel Syndrome?

A

high calorie, high calorie, high complex carbohydrate, extra vitamin and minerals, low fat, low oxalate

38
Q

What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome?

A

MOTILITY disorder of small and large intestine

chronic recurring intestinal symptoms :
-indigestion, nausea, cramps, gas, diarrhea, constipation, flatulence

worsened by:
-stress, anxiety, possible infection

May be worsened by or onset by:
-antidepressants, antidiarrheal agents, laxatives

39
Q

How to manage IBS…

A

small frequent meals, high fiber low fat diet, adequate fluid intake, avoid alcohol and caffeine, eat slowly

40
Q

Why do you want to avoid alcohol and caffeine with IBS?

A

because an increase or decrease in blood pressure may worsen IBS

41
Q

Ileostomy

A

stoma in the ileum, removal of entire colon, rectum and anus

stools: liquid - water not being absorbed (food does not go through any large intestines which is where water is absorbed)

42
Q

Colostomy

A

stoma in the colon, removal of part of large intestine, rectum and anus

stools: depends on where/ semi-solid to solid. some absorption b/c some of large intestine is being used

43
Q

Ostomy

A

surgical opening (stoma) in the abdominal wall

purpose:
removal of dietary waste (stool)

2 types : ileostomy and colostomy

Stool consistency vary depending on location of ostomy

Nutrition Exam 4 (10 decks)

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