Disorders of the Blood Vessels, Heart and Lungs

Question 1

What is the trifecta (3 risk factors) of Cardiovascular Disease?

Answer 1

smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol

Question 2

What is Cardiovascular Disease related to?

Answer 2

the formation of plaque.

-collection of lipids inside arteries

Question 3

Stable form of plaques

Answer 3

don’t cause major complications (unless it blocks an artery at this point)

Question 4

Vulnerable Plaques

Answer 4

• unstable plaque

- thin covering, rupture, formation of thrombus, can lead to embolism

Question 5

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolism?

Answer 5

thrombus-blood clot

embolism - lodging of embolus in a narrowed artery

Question 6

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 6

literally translates to “hardening of the arteries”

usually a result of progressive thickening of arterial walls due to accumulation of fatty deposits

Question 7

How does atherosclerosis happen? (steps)

Answer 7

1. damage to the artery: inflammatory [most of the time, could be other stuff] response
2. monocytes engulf LDL cholesterol: formation of FOAM CELLS and FATTY STREAKS
3. formation of plaque: accumulation of fat along the inner walls of the arteries
4. accumulation of calcium : crystallization of fat and cholesterol, artery stiffens

Question 8

What are the main causes of atherosclerosis?

Answer 8

shear stress, high LDL, smoking, diabetes, abdominal obesity, low intakes of vitamins, aging

Question 9

How does diabetes lead to atherosclerosis?

Answer 9

diabetes damages blood vessels which starts the inflammatory response

Question 10

Explain why monocytes engulf LDL cholesterol (in the formation of atherosclerosis)?

Answer 10

monocytes tries to heal inflammation so it engulfs LDL to thicken the artery (it will retain in the arterial walls)

Question 11

What determines if a plaque is stable or unstable?

Answer 11

the thickness of the covering

Question 12

What is the recommended diet for atherosclerosis?

Answer 12

low fat, low Na, low alcohol

Question 13

Why is LDL/VLDL called bad cholesterol?

Answer 13

Oxidized LDL is what is attributed to fat accumulation.
LDL is mainly fat.
Fat always gets oxidized.. you cant prevent this

Question 14

Why is HDL called good cholesterol?

Answer 14

findings show that the consumption of HDL can help clear fatty accumulation from arteries…. HDL is able to penetrate the fatty streaks and clear it from the blood

will not completely clear up fat accumulation

Question 15

What is Hypertension?

Answer 15

high blood pressure: 140/90 (consistently this high)

Question 16

Primary or Essential Hypertension

Answer 16

• cause is unknown
• 90-95% of cases
• HTN without another disease

Question 17

Secondary Hypertension

Answer 17

from disorder or illness (ex. kidney disease upsets fluid balance and can cause HTN)

Question 18

What are the risk factors for HTN?

Answer 18

aging, genetic, obesity, alcohol, dietary intake (potassium, calcium and magnesium)

Question 19

What does hypertension result in?

Answer 19

weakening of the heart muscle, heart failure, aneurysm, stroke, kidney failure

Question 20

What is the recommended diet for Hypertension?

Answer 20

low Na, low Fat, low alcohol

Question 21

Why is age a risk factor for HTN?

Answer 21

because older people have less flexible blood vessels. also prone to clotting

Question 22

Who are more prone to HTN?

Answer 22

African americans

Question 23

What is a Myocardial Infarction (MI)?

Answer 23

heart attack.

death of heart tissue usually caused by blockage in coronary vessels

Question 24

What is the treatment for an MI?

Answer 24

immediate care: anticoagulants and pain medications

Question 25

What is the diet for an MI patient?

Answer 25

NPO until shock resolves

low fat, low cholesterol, low Na, low caffeine (same diet for all heart problems)

Question 26

What is a stroke?

Answer 26

death of brain tissue

Question 27

What is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US after heart disease and cancer?

Answer 27

stroke

Question 28

Ischemic Stroke

Answer 28

• 87% of strokes
• NO O2
• obstruction of blood flow to the brain from …
• plaque rupture, thrombosis, and embolism

Question 29

Hemorrhagic Stroke

Answer 29

• 13% of strokes
• bleeding within the brain, more deadly
• rupture of blood vessel due to chronic hypertension
• more deadly: 38% of hemorrhagic stroke victims die within 30 days

Question 30

What is the treatment for stroke?

Answer 30

the type of stroke determines the treatment

Question 31

What are the risk factors for Stroke?

Answer 31

• Similar to those of heart disease

- hypertension, cigarette smoking, diabetes, elevated LDL cholesterol levels, family history of CVD

Question 32

How do you prevent strokes?

Answer 32

recognizing risk factors and make lifestyle changes

Question 33

What is CHF?

Answer 33

Congestive Heart Failure
-heart muscle gradually weakens, failure of the heart to pump adequate blood, congestion of fluids in tissues and in the veins

Question 34

Right Sided CHF

Answer 34

• accumulation of fluid in the abdomen and liver
• chest pain
• swelling in the legs
• ankles and feet

Question 35

Left Sided CHF

Answer 35

-accumulation of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), extreme shortness of breath, limited oxygen, acute respiratory failure

Question 36

What is the recommended diet for CHF?

Answer 36

restricted Na and fluid, small frequent meals (for those with difficulty eating)

may require feeding tube depending on how severe

Question 37

What is COPD?

Answer 37

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

• blockage or destruction of air passages
• two types: Emphysema and Bronchitis

Question 38

Emphysema

Answer 38

destruction of alveoli

-shortness of breath, difficulty breathing

Question 39

Bronchitis

Answer 39

inflamed airway and mucus production

Question 40

What is the recommended diet for COPD?

Answer 40

extra calories and protein, small frequent meals (to make sure nutrients are absorbed effectively/efficiently