Nutrition Flashcards
why do we need nutrients?
-provide energy
-energy is needed for life
-maintain metabolism
use of protein
build muscles, antibodies and maintain whole body
use of carbs
give energy
use of fats
cushioning, warmth, energy
use of vitamins/mierals
coenzymes
use of water
necessary for chemical reactions
vitamin d
helps our bones, is made with sun exposure
vitamin k
helps with blood clotting, made by rectal bacteria
vitamin a
helps visions, in fruits and veggies like carrots
iron
in our blood, we get from meat
essential amino acids
we need to get 8/20 from outside sources
phototrophs
convert inorganics like H2O and CO2 into organics
chemotrophs
use CO2 and H2S to create organics
heterotrophic nutrition
ingest plants or animals to get organics
calorie
the amount of heat needed to raise water one-degree centigrade
calorimeter
measures the calories in a food
carb/protein calories vs fat calories
carbs/proteins create less calories
fiber
indigestible foods like vegetables
ingestion
taking food into the body (eating)
digestion
breaking down food
intracellular digestion
digestion inside of individual cells
extracellular digestion
digestion inside of cell lined cavities
egestion
elimination of digested food (pooping)
absorption
when broken-down products enter cells
nematocysts
poison darts that hydra have in order to paralyze prey
hydra digestion
paralyze their prey before eating it. gets broken down in the gastrovascular cavity before getting absorbed into cells and continuing digestion
gastrovascular cavity
a prehistoric stomach
alimentary canal
digestive tubing
worm alimentary canal
-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-crop
-gizzard
-intestine/typhlosole
-anus
purpose of mouth
ingestion
purpose of pharynx
sucks in food
purpose of esophagus
food tube
purpose of crop
stores food
purpose of gizzard
grind food
purpose of the intestine in worm
chemical extracellular digestion
purpose of typhlosole
increases worm intestine surface area
purpose of anus
egestion
grasshopper alimentary canal
-mouth
-esophagus
-crop
-gizzard
-stomach
-intestine
-rectum
purpose of intestine in grasshopper
absorption
purpose of stomach
chemical extracellular digestion/absorbtion
purpose of rectum
waste storage and elimination and water reabsorption
human alimentary canal
-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-rectum
-anus
purpose of accessory glands
inject fluids into the alimentary canal
accessory glands
-salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas
-gall bladder
(human) purpose of mouth
ingestion, mechanical digestion, saliva and a tongue
(human) purpose of tongue
taste buds, shapes food into a bolus
saliva
contains muchin and salivary amylase
bolus
a flat-ish egg shape that easily goes down your pharynx
salivary amylase
breaks down carbs into maltose
papilla
little bumps on the tongue that have taste buds inside
(human) purpose of incisors
chop food
(human) purpose of canines
rip food
(human) purpose of molars
grind food
pharynx parts
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
-epiglottis
(human) purpose of epiglottis
blocks trachea when swallowing
esophagus
food tube that uses peristalsis to squeeze food bolus down
peristalsis
involuntary muscle movement to squeeze bolus down the esophagus
cardiac sphincter
the opening to the stomach
pyloric sphincter
the exit of the stomach
stomach
had gastric juice inside to chemically break down food into chyme
acid chyme
food that has been broken down and looks like clam chowder
gastric juice makeup
gastric juice is acidic and breaks down food chemically
-mucous cells
-parietal cells
-chief cells
-g cells
mucous cells
make mucus to protect the stomach (in the gastric juice)
parietal cells
make HCl (hydrochloric acid) to denature protein
chief cells
makes pepsinogen
pepsinogen
HCl activates it and turns it into active pepsin to beak protein into polypeptides
g cells
produce gastrin that make gastric juice
why do you feel full?
the stomach walls stretch and the brain perceives it as the feeling of being full
stomach ulcer
the protective mucus erodes and acid eats through the walls caused by helicobacter pylori
helicobacter pylori
cause stomach mucus to break down leading to an ulcer
sections of the small intestine
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
what happens in the duodenum
bile and chyme mix
bile
made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, it breaks up fat globules
how the chyme goes from acidic to basic
the HCl causes basic bicarbonate to come from pancreas
what are gallstones
they are harded cholesterol deposits found in the gallbladder
what is in pancreatic juice
-amylase
-trypsin and chymotrypsin
-nucleases
-lipases
-maltase, sucrase, lactase
-aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases
(human) purpose of trypsin and chymotrypsin
break up polypeptides smaller
(human) purpose of nucleases
they break RNA into polypeptides
(human) purpose of lipases
break lipids into glycerol/fatty acids
(human) purpose of maltase, sucrase, and lactase
they break down their respective things
(human) purpose of aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases
they break polypeptides into amino acid
protiases
trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidases : break polypeptide chains into smaller ones
villus in small intestine
small finger thingys that extend into the lumen to increase surface area
(human) purpose of capillaries in digestion
they absorb monosaccharides and amino acids
(human) purpose of lacteals in digestion
they absorb glycerols and fatty acids
