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Biology Honors > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

why do we need nutrients?

A

-provide energy
-energy is needed for life
-maintain metabolism

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2
Q

use of protein

A

build muscles, antibodies and maintain whole body

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3
Q

use of carbs

A

give energy

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4
Q

use of fats

A

cushioning, warmth, energy

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5
Q

use of vitamins/mierals

A

coenzymes

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6
Q

use of water

A

necessary for chemical reactions

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7
Q

vitamin d

A

helps our bones, is made with sun exposure

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8
Q

vitamin k

A

helps with blood clotting, made by rectal bacteria

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9
Q

vitamin a

A

helps visions, in fruits and veggies like carrots

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10
Q

iron

A

in our blood, we get from meat

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11
Q

essential amino acids

A

we need to get 8/20 from outside sources

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12
Q

phototrophs

A

convert inorganics like H2O and CO2 into organics

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13
Q

chemotrophs

A

use CO2 and H2S to create organics

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14
Q

heterotrophic nutrition

A

ingest plants or animals to get organics

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15
Q

calorie

A

the amount of heat needed to raise water one-degree centigrade

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16
Q

calorimeter

A

measures the calories in a food

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17
Q

carb/protein calories vs fat calories

A

carbs/proteins create less calories

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18
Q

fiber

A

indigestible foods like vegetables

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19
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the body (eating)

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20
Q

digestion

A

breaking down food

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21
Q

intracellular digestion

A

digestion inside of individual cells

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22
Q

extracellular digestion

A

digestion inside of cell lined cavities

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23
Q

egestion

A

elimination of digested food (pooping)

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24
Q

absorption

A

when broken-down products enter cells

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25
Q

nematocysts

A

poison darts that hydra have in order to paralyze prey

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26
Q

hydra digestion

A

paralyze their prey before eating it. gets broken down in the gastrovascular cavity before getting absorbed into cells and continuing digestion

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27
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

a prehistoric stomach

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28
Q

alimentary canal

A

digestive tubing

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29
Q

worm alimentary canal

A

-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-crop
-gizzard
-intestine/typhlosole
-anus

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30
Q

purpose of mouth

A

ingestion

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31
Q

purpose of pharynx

A

sucks in food

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32
Q

purpose of esophagus

A

food tube

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33
Q

purpose of crop

A

stores food

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34
Q

purpose of gizzard

A

grind food

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35
Q

purpose of the intestine in worm

A

chemical extracellular digestion

36
Q

purpose of typhlosole

A

increases worm intestine surface area

37
Q

purpose of anus

A

egestion

38
Q

grasshopper alimentary canal

A

-mouth
-esophagus
-crop
-gizzard
-stomach
-intestine
-rectum

39
Q

purpose of intestine in grasshopper

A

absorption

40
Q

purpose of stomach

A

chemical extracellular digestion/absorbtion

41
Q

purpose of rectum

A

waste storage and elimination and water reabsorption

42
Q

human alimentary canal

A

-mouth
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-rectum
-anus

43
Q

purpose of accessory glands

A

inject fluids into the alimentary canal

44
Q

accessory glands

A

-salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas
-gall bladder

45
Q

(human) purpose of mouth

A

ingestion, mechanical digestion, saliva and a tongue

46
Q

(human) purpose of tongue

A

taste buds, shapes food into a bolus

47
Q

saliva

A

contains muchin and salivary amylase

48
Q

bolus

A

a flat-ish egg shape that easily goes down your pharynx

49
Q

salivary amylase

A

breaks down carbs into maltose

50
Q

papilla

A

little bumps on the tongue that have taste buds inside

51
Q

(human) purpose of incisors

A

chop food

52
Q

(human) purpose of canines

A

rip food

53
Q

(human) purpose of molars

A

grind food

54
Q

pharynx parts

A

-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
-epiglottis

55
Q

(human) purpose of epiglottis

A

blocks trachea when swallowing

56
Q

esophagus

A

food tube that uses peristalsis to squeeze food bolus down

57
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle movement to squeeze bolus down the esophagus

58
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

the opening to the stomach

59
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

the exit of the stomach

60
Q

stomach

A

had gastric juice inside to chemically break down food into chyme

61
Q

acid chyme

A

food that has been broken down and looks like clam chowder

62
Q

gastric juice makeup

A

gastric juice is acidic and breaks down food chemically
-mucous cells
-parietal cells
-chief cells
-g cells

63
Q

mucous cells

A

make mucus to protect the stomach (in the gastric juice)

64
Q

parietal cells

A

make HCl (hydrochloric acid) to denature protein

65
Q

chief cells

A

makes pepsinogen

66
Q

pepsinogen

A

HCl activates it and turns it into active pepsin to beak protein into polypeptides

67
Q

g cells

A

produce gastrin that make gastric juice

68
Q

why do you feel full?

A

the stomach walls stretch and the brain perceives it as the feeling of being full

69
Q

stomach ulcer

A

the protective mucus erodes and acid eats through the walls caused by helicobacter pylori

70
Q

helicobacter pylori

A

cause stomach mucus to break down leading to an ulcer

71
Q

sections of the small intestine

A

-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

72
Q

what happens in the duodenum

A

bile and chyme mix

73
Q

bile

A

made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, it breaks up fat globules

74
Q

how the chyme goes from acidic to basic

A

the HCl causes basic bicarbonate to come from pancreas

75
Q

what are gallstones

A

they are harded cholesterol deposits found in the gallbladder

76
Q

what is in pancreatic juice

A

-amylase
-trypsin and chymotrypsin
-nucleases
-lipases
-maltase, sucrase, lactase
-aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases

77
Q

(human) purpose of trypsin and chymotrypsin

A

break up polypeptides smaller

78
Q

(human) purpose of nucleases

A

they break RNA into polypeptides

79
Q

(human) purpose of lipases

A

break lipids into glycerol/fatty acids

80
Q

(human) purpose of maltase, sucrase, and lactase

A

they break down their respective things

81
Q

(human) purpose of aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases

A

they break polypeptides into amino acid

82
Q

protiases

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidases : break polypeptide chains into smaller ones

83
Q

villus in small intestine

A

small finger thingys that extend into the lumen to increase surface area

84
Q

(human) purpose of capillaries in digestion

A

they absorb monosaccharides and amino acids

85
Q

(human) purpose of lacteals in digestion

A

they absorb glycerols and fatty acids

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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