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Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

why do we need nutrients?

A

-provide energy
-energy is needed for life
-maintain metabolism

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2
Q

use of protein

A

build muscles, antibodies and maintain whole body

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3
Q

use of carbs

A

give energy

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4
Q

use of fats

A

cushioning, warmth, energy

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5
Q

use of vitamins/mierals

A

coenzymes

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6
Q

use of water

A

necessary for chemical reactions

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7
Q

vitamin d

A

helps our bones, is made with sun exposure

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8
Q

vitamin k

A

helps with blood clotting, made by rectal bacteria

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9
Q

vitamin a

A

helps visions, in fruits and veggies like carrots

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10
Q

iron

A

in our blood, we get from meat

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11
Q

essential amino acids

A

we need to get 8/20 from outside sources

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12
Q

phototrophs

A

convert inorganics like H2O and CO2 into organics

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13
Q

chemotrophs

A

use CO2 and H2S to create organics

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14
Q

heterotrophic nutrition

A

ingest plants or animals to get organics

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15
Q

calorie

A

the amount of heat needed to raise water one-degree centigrade

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16
Q

calorimeter

A

measures the calories in a food

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17
Q

carb/protein calories vs fat calories

A

carbs/proteins create less calories

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18
Q

fiber

A

indigestible foods like vegetables

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19
Q

ingestion

A

taking food into the body (eating)

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20
Q

digestion

A

breaking down food

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21
Q

intracellular digestion

A

digestion inside of individual cells

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22
Q

extracellular digestion

A

digestion inside of cell lined cavities

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23
Q

egestion

A

elimination of digested food (pooping)

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24
Q

absorption

A

when broken-down products enter cells

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25
nematocysts
poison darts that hydra have in order to paralyze prey
26
hydra digestion
paralyze their prey before eating it. gets broken down in the gastrovascular cavity before getting absorbed into cells and continuing digestion
27
gastrovascular cavity
a prehistoric stomach
28
alimentary canal
digestive tubing
29
worm alimentary canal
-mouth -pharynx -esophagus -crop -gizzard -intestine/typhlosole -anus
30
purpose of mouth
ingestion
31
purpose of pharynx
sucks in food
32
purpose of esophagus
food tube
33
purpose of crop
stores food
34
purpose of gizzard
grind food
35
purpose of the intestine in worm
chemical extracellular digestion
36
purpose of typhlosole
increases worm intestine surface area
37
purpose of anus
egestion
38
grasshopper alimentary canal
-mouth -esophagus -crop -gizzard -stomach -intestine -rectum
39
purpose of intestine in grasshopper
absorption
40
purpose of stomach
chemical extracellular digestion/absorbtion
41
purpose of rectum
waste storage and elimination and water reabsorption
42
human alimentary canal
-mouth -pharynx -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine -rectum -anus
43
purpose of accessory glands
inject fluids into the alimentary canal
44
accessory glands
-salivary glands -liver -pancreas -gall bladder
45
(human) purpose of mouth
ingestion, mechanical digestion, saliva and a tongue
46
(human) purpose of tongue
taste buds, shapes food into a bolus
47
saliva
contains muchin and salivary amylase
48
bolus
a flat-ish egg shape that easily goes down your pharynx
49
salivary amylase
breaks down carbs into maltose
50
papilla
little bumps on the tongue that have taste buds inside
51
(human) purpose of incisors
chop food
52
(human) purpose of canines
rip food
53
(human) purpose of molars
grind food
54
pharynx parts
-nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx -epiglottis
55
(human) purpose of epiglottis
blocks trachea when swallowing
56
esophagus
food tube that uses peristalsis to squeeze food bolus down
57
peristalsis
involuntary muscle movement to squeeze bolus down the esophagus
58
cardiac sphincter
the opening to the stomach
59
pyloric sphincter
the exit of the stomach
60
stomach
had gastric juice inside to chemically break down food into chyme
61
acid chyme
food that has been broken down and looks like clam chowder
62
gastric juice makeup
gastric juice is acidic and breaks down food chemically -mucous cells -parietal cells -chief cells -g cells
63
mucous cells
make mucus to protect the stomach (in the gastric juice)
64
parietal cells
make HCl (hydrochloric acid) to denature protein
65
chief cells
makes pepsinogen
66
pepsinogen
HCl activates it and turns it into active pepsin to beak protein into polypeptides
67
g cells
produce gastrin that make gastric juice
68
why do you feel full?
the stomach walls stretch and the brain perceives it as the feeling of being full
69
stomach ulcer
the protective mucus erodes and acid eats through the walls caused by helicobacter pylori
70
helicobacter pylori
cause stomach mucus to break down leading to an ulcer
71
sections of the small intestine
-duodenum -jejunum -ileum
72
what happens in the duodenum
bile and chyme mix
73
bile
made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, it breaks up fat globules
74
how the chyme goes from acidic to basic
the HCl causes basic bicarbonate to come from pancreas
75
what are gallstones
they are harded cholesterol deposits found in the gallbladder
76
what is in pancreatic juice
-amylase -trypsin and chymotrypsin -nucleases -lipases -maltase, sucrase, lactase -aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases
77
(human) purpose of trypsin and chymotrypsin
break up polypeptides smaller
78
(human) purpose of nucleases
they break RNA into polypeptides
79
(human) purpose of lipases
break lipids into glycerol/fatty acids
80
(human) purpose of maltase, sucrase, and lactase
they break down their respective things
81
(human) purpose of aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidases
they break polypeptides into amino acid
82
protiases
trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidases : break polypeptide chains into smaller ones
83
villus in small intestine
small finger thingys that extend into the lumen to increase surface area
84
(human) purpose of capillaries in digestion
they absorb monosaccharides and amino acids
85
(human) purpose of lacteals in digestion
they absorb glycerols and fatty acids

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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