Genetics Flashcards
Gregor Mendel
He was a monk and the father of genetics who studied pea plants to create Mendels Laws
Mendels Laws
-Law of Dominance
-Law of Segregation
-Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Dominance
In a hybrid only the dominant trait is seen, there is no blending of traits
Law of Segregation
Alleles separate during meiosis and can come together in different pairings during fertilization
Law of Independent Assortment
Traits are usually inherited independently of each other
Linked Genes
Genes that often go together like freckles and red hair
Gene-Chromosome Theory
Different form of genes are Alleles and can be uppercase (dominant) and lowercase (recessive)
Locus
The spot on a chromosome where the gene is located
Allele
Different form of the same gene (brown hair/red hair)
Genotype
The genetic makeup of a person that you CANNOT SEE (TT, Tt, tt)
Homozygous Dominant
TT
Homozygous Recessive
tt
Heterozygous
Tt
Phenotype
The physical appearances we can see due to genes (tall/short)
Punnett Square
Used to see the possible allele assortments when crossing two organisms
t t
T🔲 🔲
t 🔲 🔲
Test Cross
Where you cross an unknows Genotype with a homozygous recessive to figure out that person genes
Incomplete Dominance
Both alleles and capitalized because they blend when put together (RW-pink)
Codominance
When both alleles are expressed equally because they both appear on the organism
Sex Linkage
When diseases or traits are connected to the X or Y chromosome
Dihybrid Cross
Tracking two genes with a punnet square
T.H. Morgan
Discovered sex-linked chromosomes by studying fruit flies
Sex Linked Disorders
-Colorblindness
-Hemophilia
-Muscular Dystrophy
Frederick Griffith
Bacteria transformation with “factors” discovered that bacteria share “factors” which were not yet known as DNA
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
Discovered that “factors” were actually DNA
Hershey and Chase
They worked with bacteriophages and discovered that DNA contains genetic information
Watson and Crick (Rose Franklin)
They discovered that DNA’s structure is an alpha helix
Helicase
Breaks open the two DNA strands
DNA Polymerase
Attaches to one strand of DNA and makes a complementary strand
DNA Transcription
How RNA is made
Codon
a group of three bases Ex. TGC
Promoter Region
The beginning of a gene
What Facilitates RNA Polymerase Binding
Transcription factors bind to the strand in order to facilitate the polymerase binding
What you need to do DNA Translation
Translating the mRNA into a protein you need:
-mRNA
-ribosome
-T-RNA
-amino acids
How Translation Happens
The small subunit binds to the first codon, the T-RNA connects to the codon, and the large subunit goes on top. The TRNA corresponds to the codon and has an amino acid on top. A new TRNA comes in and replaces the old one allowing the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain