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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

He was a monk and the father of genetics who studied pea plants to create Mendels Laws

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2
Q

Mendels Laws

A

-Law of Dominance
-Law of Segregation
-Law of Independent Assortment

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3
Q

Law of Dominance

A

In a hybrid only the dominant trait is seen, there is no blending of traits

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4
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Alleles separate during meiosis and can come together in different pairings during fertilization

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5
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Traits are usually inherited independently of each other

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6
Q

Linked Genes

A

Genes that often go together like freckles and red hair

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7
Q

Gene-Chromosome Theory

A

Different form of genes are Alleles and can be uppercase (dominant) and lowercase (recessive)

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8
Q

Locus

A

The spot on a chromosome where the gene is located

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9
Q

Allele

A

Different form of the same gene (brown hair/red hair)

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10
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of a person that you CANNOT SEE (TT, Tt, tt)

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11
Q

Homozygous Dominant

A

TT

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12
Q

Homozygous Recessive

A

tt

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Tt

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14
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearances we can see due to genes (tall/short)

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15
Q

Punnett Square

A

Used to see the possible allele assortments when crossing two organisms
t t
T🔲 🔲
t 🔲 🔲

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16
Q

Test Cross

A

Where you cross an unknows Genotype with a homozygous recessive to figure out that person genes

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17
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Both alleles and capitalized because they blend when put together (RW-pink)

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18
Q

Codominance

A

When both alleles are expressed equally because they both appear on the organism

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19
Q

Sex Linkage

A

When diseases or traits are connected to the X or Y chromosome

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20
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

Tracking two genes with a punnet square

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21
Q

T.H. Morgan

A

Discovered sex-linked chromosomes by studying fruit flies

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22
Q

Sex Linked Disorders

A

-Colorblindness
-Hemophilia
-Muscular Dystrophy

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23
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

Bacteria transformation with “factors” discovered that bacteria share “factors” which were not yet known as DNA

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24
Q

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

A

Discovered that “factors” were actually DNA

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25
Hershey and Chase
They worked with bacteriophages and discovered that DNA contains genetic information
26
Watson and Crick (Rose Franklin)
They discovered that DNA's structure is an alpha helix
27
Helicase
Breaks open the two DNA strands
28
DNA Polymerase
Attaches to one strand of DNA and makes a complementary strand
29
DNA Transcription
How RNA is made
30
Codon
a group of three bases Ex. TGC
31
Promoter Region
The beginning of a gene
32
What Facilitates RNA Polymerase Binding
Transcription factors bind to the strand in order to facilitate the polymerase binding
33
What you need to do DNA Translation
Translating the mRNA into a protein you need: -mRNA -ribosome -T-RNA -amino acids
34
How Translation Happens
The small subunit binds to the first codon, the T-RNA connects to the codon, and the large subunit goes on top. The TRNA corresponds to the codon and has an amino acid on top. A new TRNA comes in and replaces the old one allowing the amino acids to form a polypeptide chain
35
Polysomes/Polyribosomes
Multiple ribosomes translating mRNA at the same time 5'-->3'
36
Operon
A grouping of DNA with the same function in BACTERIA
37
Types of Genes in an Operon
1. regulator gene 2. promoter 3. operator 4a-c. structural genes
38
Regulator Genes of an Operon
Codes for a repressor protein
39
Promoter of an Operon
Site for RNA polymerase binding
40
Operator of an Operon
On/Off switch for structural genes
41
Structural Genes of an Operon
Code for enzymes to digest lactose (in this case)
42
Gene Regulation in Higher Organisms
-environment -differential coilling -transcription factors -differential mRNA splicing -epigenetics
43
Differential Coilling
DNA coils are looser so they can be read and tighter so they cannot
44
Transcription Factors
Things that must be in place in order for polymerase binding, if they aren't there will be no copying of the DNA into mRNA
45
Differential mRNA Splicing
Taking away the introns in a gene code so the extrons are in a better order for different proteins to be made
46
Introns
Regions of DNA that are spliced out because they code for nonsense
47
Extrons
Pieces of DNA that are expressed and that do code for proteins
48
Epigenetic Tags
Groups that bond to genes and can effect how they are expressed (turning them on/off) they are passed down through your genetics
49
Genetic Mutation
A change in DNA
50
Chromosomal Mutations
Mutations in a whole chromosome number or structure
51
Gene Mutations
Mutations in the sequence of a specific gene
52
Causes of Mutation
-random errors -mutagens
53
Types of Chromosomal Mutations
-translocations -inversions -additions -deletions -nondisjunction -polyploidy
54
Translocation
A chunk of information from one chromosome moves to a nonhomologous chromosome
55
Inversion
A chunk of the chromosome gets inverted
56
Addition
Genes get added from a homologous chromosome
57
Deletion
A section of the chromosome is lost/deleted
58
Nondisjunction
Chromosomes don't separate during meiosis so the child is born with extra or missing chromosomes
59
Polyploidy
A form of nondisjunction in plants where they end up with 3n-5n chromosomes (enlarged fruit) farmers purposely do it using mutagens
60
Types of Gene Mutations
-point mutation -deletion -addition -substitution -missense mutation -nonsense mutation -silent mutation
61
Pont Mutation
A change in a single nucleotide
62
Addition/Deletion
This causes a frameshift and the codons to be read in the wrong groups
63
Missense Mutation
The altered nucleotide causes an altered codon and an altered protein
64
Nonsense Mutation
The altered nucleotide causes for a premature stop codon
65
Silent Mutation
There is no change in the protein
66
Barbra McClintock
She discovered transposons (jumping genes)
67
Transposons
Also known as jumping genes, they cut out and reinsert a piece of genetic information into a different place
68
Pedigree Chart
Allows people to track family diseases circle = girl square = guy dark = has the disease half dark = carrier
69
Sickle Cell Anemia
-altered hemoglobin -African people -die early
70
PKU
-cannot break down phenylalanine -diagnosed with baby urine -need diet so you don't get brain damage
71
Tay-Sachs
-cannot break down lipids in brain -affects jews -no cure
72
Cystic Fibrosis
-mucus builds up in the lungs -affects europeans
73
Huntington's Disease
-DOMINANT -break down of brain cells and death in 30s/40s
74
Down Syndrome
-extra 21st chromosome -causes mental and physical abnormalities
75
Turner Syndrome
-girl with only one X (XO) -undeveloped physical features
76
Klinefelters Syndrome
-XXY -considered male -underdeveloped physical features
77
Karyotyping
Getting a picture of someones genes (can include sorting them)
78
Amniocentesis
Extracting amniotic fluid out of the uterus and using the baby skin cells in it to look for disease
79
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Taking a portion of the placenta to look for chromosomal diseases in the baby
80
Genetic Counseling
Someone creates a pedigree chart for the family to explain possible diseases
81
Ultrasound
Blasting soundwaves at the baby in order to develop an image of them
82
Fetoscopy
The camera looks into the uterus and can have an attachment for sample collection
83
Types of Genetic Engineering
1. Selective breeding 2. Inbreeding 3. Outbreeding 4. Creating mutations 5. Cloning 6. Recombinant DNA technology
84
How to Create Recombinant DNA
Extract a bacterias plasmid DNA and replace it with desired gene. Cut it open using restriction enzymes
85
Plasmid
A small accessory circle of DNA in a bacteria that is not vital for survival but helps it to survive

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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