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Biology Honors > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

basic unit of nervous system

A

neuron

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2
Q

dendrite part of neuron

A

short branches off of cell body/cyton they receive signals

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3
Q

cell body/cyton

A

contains the organelles of the neuron and does the metabolic activities

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4
Q

axon

A

long fiber that connects the cell body
to the terminal branches

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5
Q

schwann cells

A

produce myelin

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6
Q

myelin

A

fatty insulation on the axon

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7
Q

nodes of ranvier

A

space in between schwann cells/mylin on axon

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8
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

immune system attacks your mylin

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9
Q

terminal branches

A

send signals from the axon to the synaptic knobs

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10
Q

synaptic knobs

A

the electrical signal causes the release of neurotransmitters from vesicles

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11
Q

synapse

A

space between two neurons

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12
Q

types of neurons

A

~sensory neurons
~interneurons
~motor neurons

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13
Q

sensory neurons

A

send messages from receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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14
Q

interneurons/associative neurons

A

relay messages from neuron to neuron (very short)

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15
Q

motor neurons

A

send messages from brain and spinal cord to effectors

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16
Q

effectors

A

muscles and glands

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17
Q

receptors

A

eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin

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18
Q

nerves

A

bundles or neurons

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19
Q

charges of a neuron at rest

A

outside = positive

inside = negative

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20
Q

when a membrane is polarized

A

it is separated

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21
Q

sodium-potassium pump

A

pumps potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell

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22
Q

stimulus

A

an outside factor that causes an impulse
ex. light, heat, sound, pain

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23
Q

stimulus

A

an outside factor that causes an impulse
ex. light, heat, sound, pain

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24
Q

path of an impulse

A

a stimulus causes a receptor to produce an impulse that goes to the brain to produce a response

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25
action potential
wave of depolarization and re polarization along the neuron
26
depolarization
sodium gates open when there is enough stimulus and positively charged sodium goes into the cell (cell becomes positive inside negative outside) then the potassium gates open and the positive potassium leaves (repolarization, cell becomes negative)
27
resting charge of inside the neuron
-70 mV, negatively charges
28
how does mylin effect the depolarization/repolarization wave?
since the pumps can only be at the nodes of ranvier since the pumps can be under mylin, the signal travels faster
29
saltatory conduction
when the depolarization/repolarization wave travels faster due to mylin being on the nerve membrane
30
how the signal crosses the synapse
the electrical gets converted to a chemical signal called neurotransmitters that cross the synapse and bind to the receptors of the next nerve. enzymes then break down the old neurotransmitters
31
neuromuscular junction
a place where the motor end plates of a neuron is nea muscle and the neurotransmitters bind to the muscle and cause contractions
32
protist nerve regulation
they respond directly to stimulus and have irritability, no neurons or nervous system
33
irritability
whole organism response to stimulus
34
hydra nervous regulation
they have a nerve net and their neurons have two-way transmissin. they have irritability
35
worm nervous regulation
they have two central nerve cords with one-way transmission. ganglia serve as their brains.
36
ganglia
spots in a worm where smaller nerves branch off from the two central nerve cords
37
nervous regulation in humans
central nervous system with brain and dorsal spinal cord. peripheral nervous system with nerves to and from receptors and effectors
38
brain
protected by cranium, is the computing center
39
meninges membrane
the membrane around the brain
40
cerebrospinal fluid
fluid that surrounds the brain
41
cerebrum
the largest part of the brain, it’s divided down the middle into right and left. controls volentary body actions, thought, and many receptors abilities. has unmylinated and myelinated cells. controls data between both sides of the cortex
42
corpus callosum
nerves that cross the brain hemispheres
43
hippocampus
it is where memory comes from although long term memory is stored in the cerebrum
44
cerebellum
coordinates movements
45
medulla oblongata
controls your reflexes
46
hypothalamus
controls your body temperature, blood pressure, sleep, emotions and it regulates the pituitary gland
47
reflex
and action that you are born with that requires no thought
48
instinct
a sequence of reflexes you are born with (butterflies migrating)
49
conditioned reflex
learned behavior together with a reflex like when dog training
50
conditioned response
when you associate one stimulus with another. you learn it from someone else. like fear
51
habit
a quick behavior that is thoughtless. repition and desire
52
imprinting
copying the behavior of the assumed parents
53
spinal cord
a bundle of nerves that goes from the medulla down the vertebral column. protected by the vertebre
54
what controls reflexes
the spinal cord
55
reflex arc
stimulus activates a sensory neuron that sends a signal to the spinal cord when sends a signal to the motor neuron
56
peripheral nervous system
made of somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
57
somatic nervous system
deals with voluntary motions
58
autonomic nervous system
made of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, controls involuntary events
59
parasympathetic nervous system
causes for relaxation
60
sympathetic nervous system
causes for tension (when u feel like something is an emergency)
61
order of things in the eyes from out to in
cornea iris pupil lense sclera choroid coat retina
62
sclera
the whites of the eyes
63
cornea
place where light enters the eye. provides focus
64
choroid coat
beneath the sclera, stops reflection inside eye
65
iris
controls the amount of light let into the eye, colored
66
pupil
hole at the center of the iris where light enters
67
lens
focuses light on the retina

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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