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Biology Honors > Cellular Reproduction > Flashcards

Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Reasons Why Cells Divide

A

-growth
-repair
-asexual reproduction

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2
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase
-G1
-S
-G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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3
Q

G0

A

Cell arrest, the cell is not dividing

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4
Q

G1

A

The contents of the cell excluding the chromosomes are duplicated

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5
Q

S Phase

A

The 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell

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6
Q

G2

A

The cell re-checks its work to make sure it didn’t make any errors, increases in size, and replicated enzymes/proteins

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7
Q

The Stages of Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

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8
Q

Cyclins

A

Bind to cyclin-dependant kinases outside of the cell which tells the cell to duplicate (destroyed in an orderly fashion)

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9
Q

Growth Factors

A

They bind to cells to tell them to divide (scabs)

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10
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histones

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11
Q

Mitosis Stages

A

PMAT: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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12
Q

Prophase

A

The chromosomes start condensing and the asters come out of the centrioles, nucleus dissolves and the centrioles move to the poles

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator and the spindle fibers attach at the kinetochore region

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart and they become daughter chromosomes

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15
Q

Telophase

A

The nuclear membranes reform and a cleavage furrow/cell plate forms, the nucleus reappears and the spindle fibers recede

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16
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell divide with a cell plate of cleavage furrow

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17
Q

Density Dependant Inhibiton

A

The cell senses the amount of nutrients and waste in its environment to determine if it has the space to divide

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18
Q

Cancer

A

No density-dependent inhibition so the cells don’t respond to “off” signals and replicate uncontrollably, they grow new veins to them in order to supply them with more nutrients

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19
Q

Oncogenes

A

The “gas pedal” for cell division (codes for proteins to enhance cell division)

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20
Q

Tumor Supressor Genes

A

The “brakes” for cell division (code for protein to inhibit cell division)

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21
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide

22
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Does not spread but can create obstructions

23
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

They spread through the bloodstream and set up new tumors throughout the body

24
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Cells do miotic cell division to create offspring that are genetically identical

25
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction where the daughter cell is originally smaller but then grows to the original size

26
Q

Budding

A

The organism creates a mini version of itself on its side as a “bud” which will grow and can eventually detach (yeast, hydra, worms, sponges)

27
Q

Spore Formation/Sporulation

A

Spores are formed mitotically in large numbers (have hard shells) and are spread around and eventually grow into a multicellular organism (mold, moss, mushrooms)

28
Q

Regeneration

A

DOES NOT MAKE MORE OF ITS OWN KIND it is simply to replace body parts

29
Q

Bulbs

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, and underground stem with thick fleshy leaves

30
Q

Corms

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, similar to bulbs but with no fleshy leaves

31
Q

Tubers

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, large underground stem that has eyes that sprout new plants (potatoes)

32
Q

Runner

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, a horizontal growing stem above ground that develops into a new plant when covered by soil (strawberries)

33
Q

Rhizome

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, horizontal underground thick stem, has nodes that develop into stems and roots

34
Q

Cuttings

A

Artificial vegetative propagation, take a cutting and put it into hormone powder to grow a new plant

35
Q

Layering

A

Artificial vegetative propagation, bending a stem over and covering it with soil so that part grows a new plant

36
Q

Grafting

A

Artificial vegetative propagation, fusing two different plants together

37
Q

Advantages of Artificial Vegetative Propagation

A
  1. faster than growing from a seed
  2. seedless plants can be kept alive
  3. connect disease prone and disease resistant plant
38
Q

Somatic Cell

A

A cell that makes up part of your body (ex. skin cell)

39
Q

Parents Give the Children…

A

22 autosomes and one sex chromosome

40
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Chromosomes that gave the same type of genetic info (one from dad one from mom) (ex. brown eye color, blue eye color)

41
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of chromosomes

42
Q

Diploid Cell

A

There is a mom and dad version of each chromosome 2n (most cells)

43
Q

Haploid Cell

A

Has mom OR dad version of each chromosome n (gametes only)

44
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells (sperm/egg)

45
Q

Meiosis

A

process to make gametes

46
Q

Oogonium

A

Cell in ovaries that turn into eggs

47
Q

Spermatogonium

A

Cell in testies that turn into sperm

48
Q

Prophase 1

A

Same as normal prophase but there is also crossing over of the homologous pairs

49
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs separate

50
Q

Telophase 1

A

2 daughter cells formed (haploid)

Biology Honors (9 decks)

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