Cellular Reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Reasons Why Cells Divide

A

-growth
-repair
-asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Stages of the Cell Cycle

A

Interphase
-G1
-S
-G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

G0

A

Cell arrest, the cell is not dividing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G1

A

The contents of the cell excluding the chromosomes are duplicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

S Phase

A

The 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

G2

A

The cell re-checks its work to make sure it didn’t make any errors, increases in size, and replicated enzymes/proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The Stages of Interphase

A

G1, S, G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cyclins

A

Bind to cyclin-dependant kinases outside of the cell which tells the cell to duplicate (destroyed in an orderly fashion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Growth Factors

A

They bind to cells to tell them to divide (scabs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mitosis Stages

A

PMAT: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Prophase

A

The chromosomes start condensing and the asters come out of the centrioles, nucleus dissolves and the centrioles move to the poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator and the spindle fibers attach at the kinetochore region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart and they become daughter chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Telophase

A

The nuclear membranes reform and a cleavage furrow/cell plate forms, the nucleus reappears and the spindle fibers recede

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The cell divide with a cell plate of cleavage furrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Density Dependant Inhibiton

A

The cell senses the amount of nutrients and waste in its environment to determine if it has the space to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cancer

A

No density-dependent inhibition so the cells don’t respond to “off” signals and replicate uncontrollably, they grow new veins to them in order to supply them with more nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Oncogenes

A

The “gas pedal” for cell division (codes for proteins to enhance cell division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tumor Supressor Genes

A

The “brakes” for cell division (code for protein to inhibit cell division)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell suicide

22
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Does not spread but can create obstructions

23
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

They spread through the bloodstream and set up new tumors throughout the body

24
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

Cells do miotic cell division to create offspring that are genetically identical

25
Q

Binary Fission

A

Asexual reproduction where the daughter cell is originally smaller but then grows to the original size

26
Q

Budding

A

The organism creates a mini version of itself on its side as a “bud” which will grow and can eventually detach (yeast, hydra, worms, sponges)

27
Q

Spore Formation/Sporulation

A

Spores are formed mitotically in large numbers (have hard shells) and are spread around and eventually grow into a multicellular organism (mold, moss, mushrooms)

28
Q

Regeneration

A

DOES NOT MAKE MORE OF ITS OWN KIND it is simply to replace body parts

29
Q

Bulbs

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, and underground stem with thick fleshy leaves

30
Q

Corms

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, similar to bulbs but with no fleshy leaves

31
Q

Tubers

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, large underground stem that has eyes that sprout new plants (potatoes)

32
Q

Runner

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, a horizontal growing stem above ground that develops into a new plant when covered by soil (strawberries)

33
Q

Rhizome

A

Natural vegetative reproduction, horizontal underground thick stem, has nodes that develop into stems and roots

34
Q

Cuttings

A

Artificial vegetative propagation, take a cutting and put it into hormone powder to grow a new plant

35
Q

Layering

A

Artificial vegetative propagation, bending a stem over and covering it with soil so that part grows a new plant

36
Q

Grafting

A

Artificial vegetative propagation, fusing two different plants together

37
Q

Advantages of Artificial Vegetative Propagation

A
  1. faster than growing from a seed
  2. seedless plants can be kept alive
  3. connect disease prone and disease resistant plant
38
Q

Somatic Cell

A

A cell that makes up part of your body (ex. skin cell)

39
Q

Parents Give the Children…

A

22 autosomes and one sex chromosome

40
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Chromosomes that gave the same type of genetic info (one from dad one from mom) (ex. brown eye color, blue eye color)

41
Q

Karyotype

A

A picture of chromosomes

42
Q

Diploid Cell

A

There is a mom and dad version of each chromosome 2n (most cells)

43
Q

Haploid Cell

A

Has mom OR dad version of each chromosome n (gametes only)

44
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells (sperm/egg)

45
Q

Meiosis

A

process to make gametes

46
Q

Oogonium

A

Cell in ovaries that turn into eggs

47
Q

Spermatogonium

A

Cell in testies that turn into sperm

48
Q

Prophase 1

A

Same as normal prophase but there is also crossing over of the homologous pairs

49
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs separate

50
Q

Telophase 1

A

2 daughter cells formed (haploid)