Cellular Reproduction Flashcards
Reasons Why Cells Divide
-growth
-repair
-asexual reproduction
Stages of the Cell Cycle
Interphase
-G1
-S
-G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
G0
Cell arrest, the cell is not dividing
G1
The contents of the cell excluding the chromosomes are duplicated
S Phase
The 46 chromosomes are duplicated by the cell
G2
The cell re-checks its work to make sure it didn’t make any errors, increases in size, and replicated enzymes/proteins
The Stages of Interphase
G1, S, G2
Cyclins
Bind to cyclin-dependant kinases outside of the cell which tells the cell to duplicate (destroyed in an orderly fashion)
Growth Factors
They bind to cells to tell them to divide (scabs)
Chromatin
DNA wrapped around histones
Mitosis Stages
PMAT: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Prophase
The chromosomes start condensing and the asters come out of the centrioles, nucleus dissolves and the centrioles move to the poles
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at the cell’s equator and the spindle fibers attach at the kinetochore region
Anaphase
Sister chromatids pulled apart and they become daughter chromosomes
Telophase
The nuclear membranes reform and a cleavage furrow/cell plate forms, the nucleus reappears and the spindle fibers recede
Cytokinesis
The cell divide with a cell plate of cleavage furrow
Density Dependant Inhibiton
The cell senses the amount of nutrients and waste in its environment to determine if it has the space to divide
Cancer
No density-dependent inhibition so the cells don’t respond to “off” signals and replicate uncontrollably, they grow new veins to them in order to supply them with more nutrients
Oncogenes
The “gas pedal” for cell division (codes for proteins to enhance cell division)
Tumor Supressor Genes
The “brakes” for cell division (code for protein to inhibit cell division)