Cellular Respiration Flashcards
ATP
A short-term storage form for energy
Phosphorylation
Adding phosphates to ADP
How ATP Releases Energy
A phosphate is ripped off, releasing the energy and turning it into ADP
Eukaryotes
Organisms that do aerobic respiration (need oxygen)
Things Needed for Aerobic Respiration
Glucose and 6 oxygens
Things Produced by Aerobic Respiration
6 CO2s, 6H2Os, 36 ATP
Prokaryotes
Organisms that do anaerobic respiration (no oxygen)(only bacteria)
Things Needed for Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose
Things Produced by Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic acid or ethyl alcohol and CO2, 2 ATP
Oxidation
When a molecule loses electrons or H atoms
Reduction
When a molecule gains electrons or H atoms
NAD+ / FAD
H acceptors (they work like taxis)
Isomer
Two molecules with the same chemical makeup but different structures
Isomerases
Enzymes that turn molecules into an isomer
Dehydrogenase
Remove hydrogens to FAD/NAD+
Hydrogenases
Add hydrogens to FAD/NAD+
Kinases
Add phosphate groups to ADP
Phosphatases
Take away a phosphate group from ATP
Glycolysis
Splitting glucose in the cytoplasm into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Things Needed for Glycolysis
One glucose and two ATP
Things Made During Glycolysis
2 NADH, 4 ATP, 2 H2O, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
Fermentation
Prokaryotes/muscles way of using pyruvic acid
Yeast and Bacteria Fermentation
Makes ethyl alcohol
Bacteria and Muscle Fatigue Fermentation
Makes lactic acid
Facultative Anaerobes
Switch hitters, do both aerobic and anaerobic respiration (ex. yeast)
Obligate/Strict Anaerobes
They ONLY do anaerobic respiration
Steps of Anaerobic Respiration
- glycolysis
- fermentation
Pyruvic Acid Breakdown
The pyruvic acid goes into the mitochondria’s intermembrane space, a CO2 gets taken out, an H gets taken away, a coenzyme a gets added, it becomes acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA
One of the end products of pyruvic acid breakdown
End Products of Pyruvic Acid Breakdown (per pyruvic acid)
1 NADH, 1 CO2, 1 Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
A cycle in the matrix with the goal to create as many NADH’s and FADH’s as possible
Outer Membrane
The outermost membrane of the mitochindria
Intermembrane Space
The space in the mitochondria in between the two membranes
Inner Membrane
The innermost membrane of the mitochondria (very foldey)
Matrix
The innermost part of the mitochondria
The Thing That Combines with Acetyl CoA at the Beginning of the Krebs Cycle
Oxaloacetate
The Thing That Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate turn into in the Krebs Cycle
Citrate
Things made in One Krebs Cycle Turn
3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 (1 GTP)
Cristae
The fold in the inner membrane
Electron Transport Chain
Electron hot potato where negatively charged electrons get transported through the inner membrane by proteins and lose energy (energy is used for chemiosmosis)
Chemiosmosis
H+’s move to create a concentration gradient and then go through ATP synthase to make ATP and then combine with oxygen at the end to form H2O
Last Reciever of H in ETC
Oxygen
End Products of Chemiosmosis and ETC
32 ATP, 6 H2O
