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Nutrition > Nutrition 1 random > Flashcards

Nutrition 1 random Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Proximate Analyses of Feeds?

A

A system for estimating the value of a material for feeding purposes, without actually using the feed in feeding trial.
It is based on the separation of feed components into groups (fractions) in accordance with their feeding value.

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2
Q
  1. How do we get DM?
  2. How do we get ash?
  3. How do we get organic matter?
A
  1. Dry the sample
  2. Burn the DM
  3. DM - Ash
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3
Q

What is ash?

A

All minerals in the feed = inorganic material

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4
Q

What is CP divided into?

A
  1. True protein = protein ~80% of CP

2. NPN (non-protein nitrogen) = nitrates, free aa, amides, glycosides, not dissolved.

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5
Q

Kieldahl process

A

Realize the nitrogen content, by several steps of boiling, distilling, titration and calculation.

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6
Q

What is crude fibers?

A
  • Cell wall components
  • hemicellulose, cellulose, ligning, actin, silica
  • Imp in the diet; stimulate proper rumen motility and fermentation
  • Poor digestibility
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7
Q

Van Soest method

A
  • Determination of the Fibre Fractions (NDF, ADF, ADL)
  • Separate NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) from the rest by several steps of boiling, diluting, filtrating, etc, where the result is the calculated CF.
  • Differentiation btw the cell wall fractions.
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8
Q

What is Ether extract (EE)

A
  • Fat, glycolipids, waxes, sterads, terpens, pigmons, VFA

- Method: fats are extracted by ether then ether is evaporated

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9
Q

What is NFE and how is it calculated?

A

Nitrogen Free Extract

NFE = organic matter (OM) – (CP + EE + CF)

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10
Q

How much % and what feed has…

  1. high water content
  2. air dry
  3. dehydrated
A
  1. high water content – 50-90% roots, silage, fresh grasses etc
  2. air dry – 12-16% as grains, hays, straw
  3. dehydrated – 8-10% as meal, dried pulps
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11
Q

Bulky feed

A
  • High volume to weight ratio

- Low DM content in relationship to volume (high amount of air or water)

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12
Q

Concentrated feeds

A
  • High weight to volume ratio

- High DM content in relationship to volume (low ash content)

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13
Q

Examples of…

  1. Bulky and concentrated feeds
  2. Bulky and non-concentrated feeds
  3. Non-bulky and concentrated feeds
  4. Non-bulky and non-concentrated feeds
A
  1. Roots and Tubers (Potatoes, Carrots, Sugar beats), Milk (rich in lactose and proteins)
  2. Forages (Hey, Straw, Clovers)
  3. Seeds, Kernels, Grains, Oilseed meals
  4. No naturally occurring forms, but Pellets (from Alfalfa or Lucerne meal)
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14
Q

Supplements

A
  • some nutrient value (molasses, oils and fats, vitamin and minerals)
  • used to produce balanced and adequate diet
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15
Q

Feed additives

A
  • no nutrient value
  • are used to improve the quality of the diet, improve the health status, efficiency of the diet
  • Anti oxidants, Pellet binders, Antiparasitics, pre- and pro-biotics (Nutraceuticals), enzymes, buffers etc…
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16
Q

Premix

A
  • Contain microingridients, vitamins, minerals, antiparasitics
  • Mixed into the complete diet at a level of 0.5%
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17
Q

P : E ratio

A

Protein to Energy ratio

  • How many grams of dietary protein which are related to 1 MJ of energy
  • If the energy level increases but the protein level remains the same - the P:E decreases.
  • The high energy content reduces the feed intake, therefore the protein intake may be lower than the optimum, and protein deficiency may occur.
  • The excessive energy intake may result in obesity.
  • If the P:E is higher than the optimum; the protein intake is increased, there is a surplus of expensive dietary components and this will also lead to obesity.
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18
Q

FCR

A

Feed Conversion Ratio.
= Feed efficiency.
-How much feed is needed for 1 unit of animal production (weight gain, milk/egg production)

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19
Q

What is…

  1. Roughages
  2. Grains and seeds
  3. Roots and tubers
  4. Industrial by-products
A
  1. Bulky feeds with high fiber content, low nutrient value and low digestibility. Herbage, Forage (silage, heys and grasses) and other (straws, corn stems, peanuts shells).
  2. Cereal seeds, oily seeds (flax, sunflowers), legumes seeds (beans, lupines, soy beans!)
  3. Potatoes, carrots, sugar beats
  4. Milling byproducts of cereal grains (wheat, bran, oats). Extracted meals form oily seeds (sunflower seeds, soy beans). Brewing, fishery, sugar, milk byproducts.
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20
Q

a) soluble fractions (cell content)

b) insoluble cell wall fraction

A

a) CP, soluble carbohydrates (starch, sugar, pectin), EE

b) NDF → neutral detergent fiber: hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, silica.

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21
Q

What is the result of…

  1. ADF - ADL
  2. ADL - Ash
A
  1. Cellulose

2. Lignin

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22
Q

Increased ligning content…

A

…decreases the digestibility

…thus the time of cutting the grass is imp: late cutting means that more lignin is formed

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23
Q

GE

A

Gross Energy
-Amount of heat produced by combustion
-Used in human nutrition – highly digestible food used.
-Not used in animals –says nothing about the utilization
ability/fate of the nutrients-digestion/excretion
-Is determinded by type of nutrient.
-Determined in a bomb calorimeter

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24
Q

Faecal energy

A

= non-digestive nutrients which contains energy

-Fecal E includes undigested food, and metabolic products → e.g. intestinal cells, bacteria, enzymes.

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25
Q

DE

A

Digestible Energy

  • Energy content of GE absorbed in the body per g/feed consumed.
  • Much more accurate
  • DE = GE – fecal energy
  • Used in Eq, Su, Rabbit
  • Determined on fiber content
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26
Q
  1. Urinary energy

2. Gaseous energy

A
  1. Nitrogen content. Imp in cat when fed a lot of proteins.
    - includes waste products of imperfect nutrient metabolism and endogenous catabolism. Also containing waste N (urea, uric acid).
  2. Especially imp in Ru
27
Q

ME

A

Metabolisable energy
= Energy available to the animal.
-ME = DE – urine E + gas E
-Take into consideration that energy can be absorbed and excreted again
- Used in poultry (difficult to differentiate faeces and urine), dog and cat

28
Q

Heat loss

A

The heat produced when the food is digested

29
Q

NE

A

Net Energy

  1. NE gain - 30% -50% utilized
  2. NE lactation - 60-70% utilization
  3. NE maintenance - Best utilization 70-80%
30
Q

Thermal loss

A

NE = ME + heat loss

31
Q

NE in Ru

A
  • use of different NE – due to different types of production
  • Dairy cow: NEl – all energy req: are expressed as this
  • Beef cattle, sheep: NEm + NEg
32
Q

3 different values to consider regarding flow diagram:

1) “q”
2) ”k”
3) “i”

A
  1. Digestibility of feedstuff. q = (ME/GE) x 100
    -It gives the metabolisability of the feedstuff.
    -If this nr is high it means that there will be less amount of E in the feces → nutrients in feedstuff is easily digestible
    -Fiber influences the value of q, the higher fiber content the lower the digestibility.
  2. The partial transformation factor. k = (NE/ME) x 100
    -show how much of the 100% ME will be used for NEm
    -how much ME will be converted to the given NE, b/c they are not equal:
    NEm: 70-80% → best utilization (not so much heat loss)
    NEl: 60-70% → conversion is decr. by 10%, lactation cost more heat E.
    NEg: 30-50% → worst conversion, to gain weight causes major heat loss.
  3. Feeding level. i = ME/NEm.
    -Indicates if the E demanded for survival is met.
    -If it is equal to 2 or 3 → animal is fed on 2nd or 3rd feeding level → animal is fed 2–3x more than E req. for survival. Thus the E req. for survival is i = 1.
33
Q

Hungarian energy evaluation system - Principles

A

a) E req. of the animals and the E content of their feeds must be expressed by the same units
b) Must be additive (replaceability of feeds)
c) Accuracy (pos. correlation btw feed E unit and animal production)
d) Simplicity (determination/prediction of feed E by simple methods/parameters)
e) Practicability (easy to use in practical nutrition)

34
Q

Hungarian energy evaluation system - Expressions to use in diff. animals

A

-Swine, Horse, Rabbit: DE (MJ/kg)
(b/c loss by feces is most imp)
(urine N loss in swine: standard diet with standard N content gives standard N loss)
-Poultry: ME (MJ/kg) → AMEn
(Urine and feces are excreted together)
-Dairy cow: NEl (MJ/kg)
(Express all the req. → high E req. for lactation)
(High heat loss)
(Simplifies the system by only using NEl)
-Beef cattle, dairy heifers, sheep: NEm + NEg (MJ/kg)

35
Q

AMEn:

A

Apparent Metabolizable E

corrected into zero N retention

36
Q

Monogastric animals:

  1. Fi
  2. GEF
  3. FA
  4. GEFA
A
  1. feed intake (g, DM)
  2. GE of feed
  3. Fecal output
  4. GE of fecal output
37
Q

Which animals are these units used for:

  1. DE
  2. ME
A
  1. Horse, rabbit, pig. Herbivores: nutria, chinchilla
  2. Poultry and carnivores (dog, cat, mink, fox)
    NB! In case of dogs: we can use either DE or ME b/c they do not have so high protein req. as cats.
38
Q

Equation of Rostock

A

TDN = DCP + 2.25DEE + DCF + DNFE
Total digestible nutrients: summary of the energies of the digestible CP, CF, EE, NFE multiplied by a factor which is special for each nutrient and for each of the species.

39
Q

Calculation of ME

A

ME (kJ/g) = ( (feed intake x GE of feed) – (excreta output x GE of excreta (urine+ faeces)) ) / Feed intake

40
Q

Value of GE uric acid

A

34.4 kJ/g N

41
Q

Calculation of AMEn

A

AMEn=( (feed inntake x GE of feed) – (excreta output x GE of excreta) – (Nretention x GEuric acid) ) / Feed inntake

42
Q

1cal = ?

A

4.184 J

43
Q

Discount factor (df)

A

show how much (in %) the digestibiliy ↓ when we change the feeding level from one level to another.
(df definition: a nr that shows by how many % the digestibility of a feedstuff will be ↓ if we enhance the feeding level by one unit)

44
Q

Calculation of FL

A

Feeding level (FL) = daily E intake / daily E req for maintenance

45
Q

Possible effects of ad libitum feeding

A

Rats: longevity decr., number of tumor cells incr.

46
Q

Regulatory factors of short term control in…

  1. Monogastric animals
  2. Ru, rabbits
  3. in all animal species
  4. in a herd
  5. Ru - dig
A
  1. blood glucose - low level -> “agression”
  2. blood VFA
  3. aa. level of blood - if blood full -> decr. feed intake
  4. pH, osmotic pressure of blood (tap water),
    o if feed intake drop in a herd -> check drinking water!
  5. body temp, feed temp; feed intake incr. -> heat prod. incr.
    o In Ru: heat prod. of rumen is much higher than in
    monogastric animals.
    o If body temp > than normal: ↓ eating → ↓ prod.
    o If body temp < than normal: ↑ eating → ↑ prod.
47
Q

Hormon responsible for

  1. Positive feedback – no inhibition (no change) (prod in stomach when its empty) → ↑ intake
  2. Negative feedback – inhib of peptides resp for feed intake. → ↓ intake
A
  1. In the fundus: Ghrelin

2. In the small intestine: Cholecystokinin (CCK)

48
Q

These two are both hunger peptides, will induce continous hunger - always produce until something is inhibiting them.

A
  • neuropeptid Y (NPY),

- aguti-related peptide (AgRP)

49
Q

Genetic predisposion

  1. OB/OB (homozygote) or OB/ob (heterozygote):
  2. ob/ob
  3. Leptin receptor mutant mice (db/db)
  4. Insufficient amount of CKK receptors
A
  1. enough leptin
  2. insufficient leptin production -> obesity
  3. insufficient amount of leptin receptors -> obesity
  4. obesity
50
Q

Equations for prediction of feed intake is determined on what, for…

  1. Ruminants
  2. Dairy cow
  3. Beef cattle
  4. Laying hens
  5. Carnivores
A
  1. Ruminants: calc from volume of rumen
  2. Dairy cow: calc. from weight and fat corrected milk (FCM)
  3. Beef cattle: Calc. from weight and NEm of feed
  4. Laying hens: calc from weight, body weight gain, temp, production
  5. Carnivores: dog: W0.75 (metabolic body weight) cat: weight
51
Q

DMI

A

Dietary effect: = DMI – dry matter intake

  • influenced by feed. Express the characteristics of feeds
  • Farm animals: 1.5-5% of BW
  • The smaller the animal, the higher the DMI as e.g. a small parrot can ingest 10-15% of BW.
  • The heavier the animal, the smaller is the body surface in relation to the weight.
52
Q

UE

A
  • The fulfillment unit
  • How does the feedstuff fill the animal?
  • Definition: 1UE = decreasing effect on appetite caused by 1 kg DMI from the standard pasture grass.
  • Higher fiber content → greater feeding of fullness (take longer time to digest)
  • UE = DMI standard grass/DMI sample
53
Q
  1. UE > 1 → ?

2. UE < 1 → ?

A
  1. UE > 1 → fulfills more than standard grass

2. UE < 1 → fulfills less than standard grass

54
Q

ED

A

energy density: ED standard grass = NE/UE

55
Q

SN

A

Substitution number

SN = Decrement (reduction) of forage DMI (kg) when 1 kg DM of concentrate is offered.

56
Q

INQ

A

Index of nutritional quality

INQ = nutrient allowance/energy allowance related to the requirements.

57
Q

Limiting Aa of monogastrics

A
  • Lys: Require energy to convert into Met
  • Met, Cys: Limits utilization of other feedstuffs (Met → limit milk production)
  • Trypsine
  • Threonine
58
Q

Ru:

  1. pH 7 → ?
  2. pH 6 → ?
A
  1. NH3↑ → microbes cannot utilize → if microbes are saturated with NH3 = toxicosis
  2. urease activity ↓ (optimum pH of urease is 7)
59
Q

Sulphur supply (to build Met + Cys)

  1. Beef cattle
  2. Dairy cow
  3. Sheep
A

o Beef cattle – 15:1
o Dairy cow – 10:1
o Sheep – 7:1

60
Q
  1. Field fungi

2. Store fungi

A
  1. before harvest! Fusarium, Cladosporium, Stachybortis

2. after harvest! Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucov, (Fusarium)

61
Q
  1. Pathogenic bacteria

2. Non-pathogenic bacteria

A
  1. Salmonella, Clostridia, Staphylococci, E. coli
    → produce toxins
  2. Make non-specific toxins.
    Are products of cell degradation.
    Cause subclinical inflamm, thickened mucosa → ↓ absorption
62
Q

Water activity (aw)

A

Determines the growth opportunities of microbes

aw = steam press of substrate/steam press of water

63
Q

In moderate climates:

  1. In fields
  2. In store
  3. Feedstuff of animal origin
  4. Silomaize silage
A
  1. In fields: Fusarium
  2. In store: Penicillium
  3. Feedstuff of animal origin: Salmonella, E. coli
  4. Silomaize silage: Yeast

Nutrition (7 decks)

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