EXAM: 2. Vitamins, minerals Flashcards
Vitamin D (biological functions, deficiency syndromes, requirements, their sources, control of supply)
-Plants (sponges, sun-dried hay): Ergosterol->Ergocalciferol (D2)
-Animals (adipose tissue, cod liver oil): 7-dehydrocholesterol->Cholecalciferol (D3)
Function:
-Ca-P-metabolism: maintain plasma level, stimulate uptake and mobilization from bones
-CaPB: Ca-P-binding
-Calcitriol (1,25 DHCC): activated form (1st: liver, 2nd: kidney)
Requirement:
-Cow: 500-1000 IU/day
-Monogastrics: 1000-3000 IU/day
Deficiency syndromes:
-Rickets: demineralization in young dog, pig, poultry
*Tibial dyschondroplasia: turkey and chicken
-Osteomalacia: demin. in old/adult due to incr. PTH
-Milk fever in cow: due to decr. Ca
-Hyena disease:
*Cattle: slow growth, underdev. hindquarters, aggressive behaviour
*Turkey: spondylosis
-Incr. ALKP (since bone try to fix itself)
Overdose (10-29x requir. dose): calciphylaxis (demin. in bone of old, min. of soft tissue in young)
Control of supply:
-Ca-P of feed
-ALKP of blood plasma: incr. in def., decr. in overdose
-Ratio of inactive/active D3 in serum
Antivitamin effect: light, O2, acids
Vitamin E (biological functions, deficiency syndromes, requirements, their sources, control of supply)
-Tocopherol (alpha most imp.)
Functions:
-Antioxidant: protects against lipid peroxidation and free radicals (with Se, niacin, riboflavin)
-Avoid myodegeneration
-Immunostimulation in megadose
Deficiency syndromes:
-Heart and muscle disease:
*Lambs: white muscle dis., Zenkers necrosis
*Calves: heart attack
-Retained placenta in cow
-Encephalomalacia - Crazy chicken disease
-Exudative diathesis (poultry): membrane damage
-VESD - Vitamin E Selenium Deficiency Syndrome: pig muscle of back
-PSE - pale soft exudative
-Mulberry heart disease
-Yellow fat disease (cat, mink)
Clinical symptoms: fetal resorption, sterility, testicular atrophy, liver necrosis, fragile RBC mem.
Requirements:
-Cow: 150-300 mg/kg feed
-Monogastrics: 10-40 mg/kg feed
-Hypervitaminosis: above 1-2000 mg/kg feed
Their sources:
-Germ of cereals
-Oilseed grains
-Green forages
-Liver
Control of supply:
-Conc. in blood
-Activity of SOD: if high, low vit.E
Antivitamin effect: UV, oxidation, Gossypol (cotton seeds)
Se (biological functions, deficiency syndromes, requirements, their sources, control of supply)
Biological functions: -Part of glutathion-peroxidase. Neutralizes free radicals to protect biomem. Deficiency syndromes: overlapps w. vit.E -Fertility problems -Retained placenta in cow -Necrosis of liver -Pancreatic fibrosis -Exudative diathesis (chicken) -Muscular dystrophy -Keshan disease: stim. of virus multiplication (congestive cardiomyopathy) Requirements: 0.1-0.3 mg/kg DM Their sources: yeast Control of supply: -Hair analysis -RBC glutathion-peroxidase level
Vitamin K (biological functions, deficiency syndromes, requirements, their sources, control of supply)
Phylloquinone (K1), Menaquinone(K2), Menadione(K3)
Biological functions:
-Anti-haemorrhagic: blood clotting factor
-Prevents osteoporosis in humans
Deficiency syndromes:
-Anaemia, hemorrhages (poultry)
-Bleedings of placenta: pregnant and lactating rabbit
-AB treatment and newborn with no microbes in int. yet
Requirements:
-Daily supply nec. - can´t be stored
-2-10 mg/kg feed
-Bile ess. for abs. - abs. in prox. SI, K2 also from colon
Their sources: green forages and microbes
Control of supply: blood clotting time (PT)
Antivitamins: dicumarol (warfarin-rat poison/sweet clover)
-Destroyed by light, alcohol and alkali. Heat stable, but slow degen. by O2.
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Biological functions:
-Bone, cartilage, CT and gum development. Imp. in collagen synt.
-Iron transport
-Antioxidant. In megadoses: immunostimulant and prevent cancer.
Deficiency syndromes:
-Lack of L-gulunolacton oxidase: Hu, ape, gu.pig, fish, shrimp (enzyme that prod. vit. C)
-Guinea pig: trouble w. bone devel. due to disorders in collagen synt.: lack of ossification, shortening of tibia, muscle atrophy, prone position
-Permissive effect to vit.D
-Scurvy: bleeding of gums, gingivitis
-Fish: scoliosis, lordosis
Requirements:
-Guinea pig: 5 mg/kg LW/day
-Fish: 500 mg/kg feed
-Poultry: 100-200 mg/kg feed (imp. against heat stress)
Their sources: fresh fruits, vegetables, potato, carrot, alfalfa, grass, some animal prod.
-Abs. by active transport in human and guinea pig, passive in others.
Control of supply: ?
Vitamin B1
Thiamine, aneurine
Biological functions:
-Carb. metabolism: TPP-cofactor in oxid.decarboxul. of a-keto-acids and cofactor of non-ox. reaction of PPP.
Deficiency syndromes:
-Carb. rich diet: prod. of ATP deminish: impaired cellular function
-Humans: beri-beri: CV damage, nervous disorder
-Fox, cat: Chastek paralysis (fed raw fish)
-Lion, kitten: Stargazer disease (neuropathy)
-CNN, polyneuritis, opisthotonus (pigeon, lamb, calf)
-Poultry: gen. weakness, cyanosis, paralysis
-Horses fed w. fern: pyrithiamine (comp. inhib): lameness
Requirements:
-Monogastrics: 1-3 mg/kg feed
-Calf: 1-4
-Cow: can synth. themselves
Their sources: brans, germs of cereals, yeast, egg yolk, milk, meat (beef/pork)
Control of supply: ?
Antivit: thiaminase in raw fish, pyrithiamine in Bracken Fern
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Biological functions:
-Resp. chain (FAD)
-Glutathion-reductase (FAD)
-Fat synth. (FMN)
Deficiency syndromes:
-Poultry: curled toe - degen. of myelin sheath on peripheral nerves
-High embryo mortality
-“Money counting disease” - Dry generalized dermatitis (pig)
-General stages: poor growth, dermatitis, alopecia, eye changes, keratitis, fatty liver
-All vitamins can cause abortion and fetal mortality, but B2 and B12 is specific
Requirements: 4-10 mg/kg feed, rumen microbes can synth (no deficiency)
Their sources: vegetables, yeast, milk, egg, meat/liver
Control of supply: glutathion-reductase on erythrocytes
Antivit. effect: sensitive to light and UV, rapid degen. in alkaline
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine
Biological functions:
-Protein and aa. turnover
-Hem synt.
Deficiency syndromes:
-Dog: ascites
-Pig: exudative generalized dermatitis
-Poultry: eyelid edema, rough deficient colorless plumage
-Mink: sterility
-Anaemia (long time)
-Convulsions
Requirements: 2-8 mg/kg feed
Their sources: yeast, egg yolk, liver, meat, cereals, green forages
Control of supply: liver enzymes (AST, ALT)
Antivit. effect: deg. by light in alkaline or neutral environment
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin
Biological functions:
-Nucleic acid synt. (w.folic acid)
-CH3-group, RNA/DNA, folic acid, choline, methionine, proprionate -> succinate
Deficiency syndromes:
-Humans: anaemia pernicosa
-Pig, mink, fox: normocyt. anaemia
-Cattle: axondegen. ataxia
-Poultry: embryomortality, myodegeneration
-Pig: growth def.
Requirements: 10-50 ug/kg, Ru: 300 ug/kg
Their sources: animal tissues (liver, kidney) egg yolk, microbes (need cobalt)
Control of supply: blood B12 levels, urinary methyl-malonyl excr.
-Antivit. effect: ligh and UV, alkalies
Niacin
Vitamin B3: niacin, nicotinic acid, pellegra-preventing factor
Biological functions:
-Part of NAD and NADP: active cofactor in ox-red reactions
-Endogenously synt. from Tryptophan: inhibit lipolysis in fat tissue, help decr. plasma TG level
-Prevent fatty liver
-Decr. blood chol.
Deficiency syndromes:
- Humans: Pellagra: skin, GI, CNS
- Dog, fox: Blue tongue disease - dark blue pigmentation of tongue
- Poultry, pig: Dry desquamative dermatitis → Coarse hair coat, localized.
- Poultry: Perosis
- Dog: Epileptic attacks → Jerking/swimming movements.
- Disordered reflexes, ataxia.
Requirements:
-Monogastrics: 15-80 mg/kg feed
-Cow: 1-6 g/day
Their sources: liver, meat, corn, cereals
Control of supply: Liver, meat, corn, cereals
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acid (HSCoA)
Function:
- Intermediate metabolism: Incorporation into CoA → formation of ACh.
- Detoxification (acetyl group)
- ACh synthesis.
- Synthesis of mucopolysaccarides
Requirement: 6-20 mg/kg feed
Sources: Animal tissue, yolk, yeast, Green plants
Deficiency syndromes:
- Poultry: descending ulcerative dermatitis
*faded and rough plumage: depigmentation and abnormal hair growth.
-Poultry: Exudative conjunctivitis: Crust at the corner of the beak and crust on the palmar part of the toes.
- Pigs: “Goose stepping” → Locomotor disturbance, particularly in the hind legs.
- Rat: Greying of haircoat.
- Fish: Necrosis of the gill.
- Generally: ↓growth, skin lesion, nervous troubles, inhibition of adrenal function.
Control of supply: CoA level in RBC and hepatocytes.
Biotin
Biotin (vit. H)
Function:
- fat synthesis
- gluconeogenesis
- carrier of CO2 bound to Lys
- protection of skin (vit. H)
- increase the litter size (sow: inner flushing)
Deficiency syndromes:
- Chicken: fatty liver and kidney disease – FLKD - broiler
- Perosis (mostly turkey): enlargement of hock, slipping of Achilles.
-Poultry: ascending ulcerative dermatitis: with encrustation and cracking at the corner of the beak, at the eye-lids, comb and under the balls and toes of the feet.
- Fox, cat: Dry, desquamative dermatitis → rancid feed
- Sow: “ragged sole” (sneaker sow), encrusting dermatitis on the head
- Mink: depigmentation, loss of hair – due to feeding of rancid feed.
Requirements: 50-500 g/kg feed
Sources: vegetables, fruits, rice-bran, milk, yeast, egg-yolk, liver, mushrooms
Control of supply:
- blood pyruvate carboxylase
- ratio of C18:1, C18:0 FA in blood
Antivitamin: avidin (raw eggs)
- sensitive to free radicals
- destroyed by heating only in strong acid/alkali
Folic acid
Folic acid – vitamin B9 (not so imp)
Function:
- purine-, pyrimidine synthesis (together w. vit. B12)
- methionine, serine, choline synthesis
(→ choline: methyl donation, lipophilic activity, neurotransmission.)
Deficiency syndromes:
- General: decr. growth, gastroenteritis, anaemia, thrombocytopenia.
- Birds: Cervical paralysis
- Poultry, turkey: Perosis
- Mink: Fatty liver
- Pig, fish: Macrocytic anaemia
- Poultry, rabbit: microcytic anaemia
- Sow: decr. fertility/lactation
- Human newborns: spina bifida: congenital defect of spinal column -> imperfectly closed so that part of the meninges or spinal cord protrudes.
Source: Wheat germ, cauliflower, legume, dark leaf vegetables (spinach), Milk, meat
Requirement: 0.6-2 mg/kg feed – monogastrics
Control of supplement:
- Dehydrofolate reductase (liver)
- Serine hydroxymetyl transferase
- Urinary forminio-glutamic acid
- Tetrahydrofolic acid excretion
Choline
Choline (choline-chlorid) → Vit B4
Function:
- methyl group donator
- lipotropic activity
- neurotransmitter
- part of biological membranes
- Rumen protected choline improves milk prod. in high yielding dairy cow!
Deficiency syndromes:
- Laying hen: fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS)
- Sow: decreased litter size
- perosis in poultry – rare
Requirement: 200-1200 mg/kg feed – monogastric animals
Control of supply:
- 14C uptake to phosphatidy- ethanolamine and phospho-tidylchlroine after LC injection of 14C ethanolamine.
Sources:
- much – yeast, fish meal, soya bean
- low – cereals
Hypervitaminosis: nervous troubles, anaemia, growth depression
Antivitamins: sensitive to atm oxygen and air.
