Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nutrition > Important > Flashcards

Important Flashcards

1
Q

Amylase

A

In saliva and pancreas, for CH predigestion.

  • Cats: no amylase. Dogs: little.
  • Su: salivary glands produce a lot of amylase (parotid, subling. and submandib. most imp.)
  • Ru: saliva - produce 80-120 L (mainly for buffering)
  • Horse: little
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Teeth

A 
-Car: Grasping/puncturing/cutting. Little chewing. 
 Dogs: 28 : 42        Cat: 28 : 30
-Su: 44
-Ru: 16 - Ø upper insisors, for chewing
-Horse: 40 in stallions, 36 in mares
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fermentation

A

In LI
-Car: not of CH, but some appear depending on substrate, produce VFA - inhibit overgrowth of pathogenic bacterias and maintain good balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of intestinal and pancreatic cells

A
  • Epithelial cells produce enzymes and absorb nutrient
  • Duct cells secrete aqueous NaHCO3
  • Acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes (eg. chymotrypsin and amylase)
  • Hormones (insulin, glucagon) maintain blood sugar
  • Islets of Langerhans secrete hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Digestive enzymes in Car

A
  • CH: AMYLASE, lactase, sucrase, maltase -> glu, gal, fru
  • Proteins: TRYPSIN, Chymotrypsin, Pepsin, Carboxypeptidases, Aminopeptidases, Dipeptidases, Nucleotidases, Nucleosidases, Nucleases -> dipeptides, single AA
  • Fats: PANCREATIC lipases, intestinal lipases -> glycerol, FFA, monoglycerides, diglycerides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Special requirements in cats

A
  1. Preformed Vit.A (retinol) (unable to convert carotene to retinol)
  2. Arachidonic acid (cannot convert sufficient linoleic acid)
  3. Taurine (cannot synthtetise enough)
    Higher quantities of fat and protein (28% - same as turkey)
    Also:
    -Vitamin D: less amount of precursor in the skin
    -Intensity of urea cycle - biotine (dogs: bacteria) + arginine (ornithine production in liver)
    -CHO metabolism: lack the enzyme glucokinase -> use hexakinase, allows them to use properly processed dietary CH (glucose) (also low in fructokinase - all forms of sugar should be avoided)
    -> unable to cope with high levels of CH in its diet and appears to be in a constant state of GNG
    + more sensitive to antinutritive substances and other potentially harmful compounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Essential amino acid requirements in dogs and cats

A

-Arginine: urea cycle
-Met+Cys: precursors for taurine in dogs, felinine in cats
-Tryptophan: niacin synthesis (vit. B3)
-Taurine: bile, retina, reproduction (cat)
-Lysine, threonine, phenylalanine + tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine and valine
(12 total)
(puppies histidine and arginine also)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fat requirement in dogs and cats

A

-Puppies: min. 8-9% fat as dry matter
-Adult dogs: min 5-7% fat as dry matter
-Kittens and adult cats: min. 9-10% fat as dry matter
Requirement:
-omega-6 fatty acids:
linoleic acid (unsat. EFA; corn and soy oil)
cats: arachidonic acid
-omega-3 fatty acid:
dogs: α-linolenic acid also essential (flaxseed oils)
longer chain omega-3 fatty acid: marine sources of lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Piglet diet

A
  1. Sow Milk 10 days - first 3 days Colostrum (high in prot. and vit., poorer in fat and min.) - E: FA, lact, AA, P higher than Ca in beginning, Ig´s, protective cells, regulatory factors (EGF, insulin, IGF, PGs, polyamines), enzymes (amylase, lipase, protease)
    * Fat major E source - eg. propionate inhibit E.coli growth
    * -Why we feed prestarter already at 10 days when they don’t have the need because sow milk is enough: to get them used to it before weaning
  2. Milk + prestarter = creep feed (1kg/piglet) until d.28
  3. Prestarter (5 kg/piglet) until d.42 (5 d. transition)
  4. Starter (15 kg/piglet) until d.70 (5 d. transition)
  5. Piglet diet (1-1.2 kg/piglet/day) (5 d. transition)
    - CP (%): DECR –> 24 - 21 - 18 (prestarter - starter - piglet)
    - DE (MJ/kg): SAME –> 14 - 14 - 14
    - Lysine is limiting AA (+ chickens) - DECR (1,5% -> 0,60%)
    - Other AA: met + cys (60%), threonine (65%), tryptophan (17%) - of 100% lysine
    - Imp! Fat (can supply sow), water, iron supl., Vit.E+Se supl.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Piglet weaning

A
  • Def.: A big adjustment in the social, thermal and physical environment and also a big change in the diet form and composition.
  • Weight at weaning: 7-9 kg
    1. Traditional - 6 weeks - 70-80% solid feed comp.
    2. Recent (unusual) - 4-5 weeks - 50-60%
    3. SEG - Segregated Early Weaning - 2 weeks - very little (decr. risk of infection of mother to piglets, estrus ASAP)
  • Why wean at 28 days:
    1) Development of digestive system:
  • Villi (incr in height) + crypts (incr in depth) - grow slower after weaning than before
  • pH: incr. drastically during weaning, then decr. later. - need 6-10 days transition and resticted feeding is best to inhibit bacterial overgrowth
  • Enzyme: not fully functioning at weaning - critical days
  • Lactobacilli: milk sugar imp. to feed lactobacilli to keep E.coli cc. down. - weaning feed should contain milk sugar
  • VFA: decr. during weaning, imp. inhibitors for unwanted bacterial growth
    2) Immunity: birth: passive, low active, then opposite later. 3 weeks: both is low. 4-5 weeks: active will incr –> safe for weaning
    3) Sow milk prod: peak at 2-4 week. Ø economical to wean earlier.
    4) Post weaning fertility: highest nr. of follicles ovulated 28 d. post partum - and insem. 3-7 days after weaning
    5) Labor competance: demand higher in early weaning
    6) Feed costs: the earlier the more critical and expensive, although small quantities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Horse nutrition requirements

A

Maintenance:
-DMI: 1,5-3 % BW -> 7-10 kg/d
-DE: dep. on weight if < / > 600 kg (ca. 70 MJ/day)
-CP: 9,5 x DE (500 kg horse: ca. 700 g/day)
(DCP: 0,6 g/kg BW)
-CF: min. 18%
-Ca:P ratio: 1,5-2 : 1 (ca. 20g Ca, 15g P per day)
-Water: 5L/100 kg BW
Ratio of limiting ess. AA: Lys : Met+Cys : Thr = 1 : 0,6 : 0,6
-Weak feedback (glucose, VFA) mechanism - E does not regulate (obesity)
-Fresh grass>alfalfa>grass hay>cereal straw
-Pasture most imp. forage
-Ø sudan grass if in growing state –> prussic acid!
-Meadow hay best hay for horses
-Alfalfa for: foals prior to weaning, late pregnancy, early lact., breeding season of stallions
-Too much Ca: urinary + kidney stones
-Too much protein: DOD (foals), incr. temp + sweating, incr. NH3 -> liver + kidney damage -> spont. urination -> laminitis, alfalfa protein allergy
-Min. 1% BW roughage
-A-vitamin/ß-carotene: hay ok but storage for 1 year causes oxidation
-Ø too grounded conc –> fast fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gestation period in:

  1. Dogs
  2. Cats
  3. Swine
  4. Horses
  5. Cattle
  6. Sheep
  7. Goat
  8. Rabbit
  9. Humans
A
  1. Dogs: 62 days
  2. Cats:
  3. Swine: 112-115 days
  4. Horses: 330-360 days (11 mnd+11 dager)
  5. Cattle:
  6. Sheep: 136-155 days (ca. 5 months)
  7. Goat: 153 days (ca. 5 months)
  8. Rabbit:
  9. Humans: 280 days (40 weeks, 9 months)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Rabbit importance

A
  • High CF req: 12-15% - 2/3 should be indigestible to keep the GI system going
  • Ca excreted with urine in crystals –> bloody urine normal
  • Rabbit parturition = kindling
  • Caecotrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Feed efficiancy in poultry

A

The lower the better

  • Chicken: 1,6 kg/kg
  • Laying hens: 2,0-2,0 kg/kg eggs
  • Giant turkey: 3,0 kg/kg (but longer period!)
  • Roasting duck: 2,6-2,8 kg/kg
  • Roasting geese: 2,3-2,5 kg/kg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Egg laying poultry

A
  • Pullets (chicken hybrids): start 17 w. - 1 year (until 75 w.) - 320-350 eggs
  • Ducks: Ø market eggs - start 28 w. - 7 months - 130-150 eggs
  • Geese: Ø market eggs - start 42 w. - 4-6 laying periods (3rd best!) - 25-50 eggs (160g, large but small amount)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Meat producing poultry

A
  • Broiler chicks: 5 w. fattening - 2.7 kg (70x than hatching)
  • Roasting ducks
  • Roasting geese: 7-8 w. fattening - 4-4,5 kg
  • Young meat geese: 15-21 w. fattening - plucked 2x - 4.5-5.2 kg
17
Q

DMI for different animals

  1. Dogs
  2. Cats
  3. Swine
  4. Horses
  5. Cattle
  6. Sheep
  7. Goat
  8. Rabbit
A
  1. Dogs
  2. Cats
  3. Swine
  4. Horses: 1,5-3 % of BW
  5. Cattle: 1,5-3 % of BW
  6. Sheep: 2-3 % of BW
  7. Goat: 1.5-5 % of BW
  8. Rabbit
18
Q

Difference btw. ruminants

A
  • Goats: largest rumen -> most effective fiber dig. Longest retention time -> plants high in fiber. Highest urea content of saliva - less demanding of feed proteins.
  • Production/reproduction: takes ca. a year
  • Cow: 2m dry period, 10m lactation
  • Sheep: 3m dry period, 5m pregnant, 3-4m lactation (insem. in autumn, kidding in feb/march, new insem. 7m of lact.)
  • Goat: 3,5m dry period, 5 m pregnant, 8,5m lactation
  • Milk production: produce 4 kg milk of 3,5% fat per day - 1000 kg per lactation period of 8,5m.
19
Q

Daily BW gain

  1. Goat kids
  2. Fattening pigs
  3. Beef cattle
  4. Growing rams
A
  1. Goat kids: 0,1-0,15 kg
  2. 800 g
  3. Beef cattle: 700-750 g
  4. Growing rams: 150 g
20
Q

Ca:P ratio of different animals

A

-Small Ru: 2:1

21
Q

Metabolism of different animals

A
  • Cats: GNG (produce glucose from non-CH like deaminated AA and fats)
  • Ru: fermentation of VFA
  • Dogs
  • Swine
  • Poultry
22
Q

Horse importance from other animals

A
  • Low amylase
  • Small stomach
  • Can’t vomit (since acute angle of esophagus and not touched to the ventral wall of abdomen)
  • Intestine with some enzymes: glucose dig., low amylase, partly hydrolysed P, fat dig., min. (Ø P - abs. in colon), vit.
  • Ø gallbladder: bile secr. continiously - efficient fat digestion
  • Hindgutfermentor, too much concentrates cause gastric ulcer and acidosis
  • Why acidosis is bad for horse: because dysbacteriosis and endotoxins make body produce cytokines thus laminitis will occur
  • What is the specificity of HCl in the stomach: continuous flow so if it’s empty can lead to ulcer
23
Q

Importance of pigs digestive system

A
  • Stomach enzymes: rennin (piglets: coag. milk, adult: proteolytic), pepsin (proteolytic), HCl (stim. pepsin, hydrolyses proteins), gastrin (stim. parietal cells), intrinsic factors (abs. vit.B12)
  • Pancreas: trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase -> P, lipase -> fat, amylase->starch
  • SI mucosa: disaccharides (lactase, maltase, etc.) -> CH, peptides -> di-/oligopeptidases
  • Brunners gland: mucus rich alkaline secretion
  • pH: stomach - low (pH 2-3) for dig. of plants-derived proteins, SI - alkaline (brunners glands), LI - alkaline (Ø enough substrate for lactobacilli - Ø lactate prod.)
  • Piglets born w. functional achlorhydria w. Ø pepsin activity, for Ig abs. Rennin imp. up to 14 d. After 3rd w., HCl -> pepsin activity. Evt. hypochloric stomach.
  • Length of GIT compared to the body size: 14x
24
Q

Replacement gilts

A
  • Backfat thickness at:
    1. First preselection - 90d - 30-35kg: < 7mm (Ad libitum feed, incr. DE and lysine)
    2. 2nd preselection - 140d - 80kg: 7-16mm (1,8-2.2kg/day)
    3. At first service (gilts): 16-18 mm (220-230d., 120-140kg) (AL - flushing)
    4. At farrowing (all parities): 18-20 mm (1.8-2kg/day)
    5. At weaning: 15-16 mm
  • P2 position for measuring backfat: 6.5cm off the midline at the 10th rib.
  • Flushing: 10-14 days before insem at 2/3rd heat. Estrus cycle is 3 weeks - flush last 2 weeks. Only if good condition at 1st heat. Incr. feeding, heat prod. and reabs. of eggs. Incr. litter size.
  • DMI before (2,5kg DM) and after flushing (3,5kg DM). He was picky on the weight (5kg margin) and on the days. Don’t forget the DMI % of pigs etc…
25
Q

Pregnant sows

A
  • Day 0-3: Maintenance - 1,8-2.3 kg/day (high FI reduces embryo survival)
  • Day 4-30: Back fat 18mm - incr. up to 3kg/day if too thin.
  • Day 31-90: 1.8-2.3 kg/day - keep condition
  • Day 91-112: 2.7-3.6 kg/day - expon. foetus growth and prevent ketosis
  • Day 112-113: 2.5-3.0 kg - laxative diet eg. MgSO4
  • Day 114 (farrowing): 1.0-1.8 kg liquid feed
  • Most imp. mistake: overfeeding - esp. early phase (incr. heat prod. -> reabs. of embryos + incr. leptin prod. -> loss of appetite -> decr. milk prod!)
26
Q

Lactating sows

A

-From parturition until day 28
-Incr. Fi! Prod. milk from own fat reserves
-To maximize feed uptake and minimize weightloss (back fat reduction): Loss max. 10 kg and 4mm back fat (or else nr of ov.egg in next estrus will decr)
-Has been estimated that 75% of nutrients consumed are used for milk prod. during peak lactation
-Nutrient demands often exceed nutrient supplied in consumed feed
-Body tissues (protein and fat) are mobilized to meet metabolic demands
-Everything incr. during lactation weeks
-DE MJ/Kg: 14.2 %
-CP: 18-19 %
-Lysine: 1 %
-Threo: 0,72 %, Met+Cys: 0,6 %
(all higher than gestating diet)
Feeding options:
Option 1: Ad libitum access to feed following farrowing
-Gets the female to full feed quickly
-May result in more opportunity for lactation failure
Option 2.
-Day of farrowing: refuse eating (liquid mash)
-Start at 2 to 2.5 kg per day
-Increase in 1-1.5 kg intervals over the next 3 days
-Full feed achieved in about 4 to 5 days
-May result in: Fewer milk production problems, more total feed intake during lactation

27
Q

Fattening pigs

A
  1. Fattening pig - 90-110 d, 30-50kg - Fattening unit - Grower 1 diet
  2. Fattening pig - 111-140 d, 50-70-kg - Fattening unit - Grower 2 diet (pork)
  3. Fattening pig - 141-160 d, 70-90kg - Fattening unit - Grower 3 diet (bacon)
  4. Finisher pig - 161-180 d, 90-120 kg - Slaughtering - Finisher diet (heavy hog)
    - E content is the same (14.2 MJ/kg), but protein content decr. (20->13 %), also lysine, ca, phosphor
    - ADG for the entire period: 800 g/day
    - Relative Fi will decr. with age
    - Feed efficiency should be < 3,0 kg feed/kg BW
    - Tap water incr. appetite
    - DMI for piglets and fattening pigs ???
    - Ca:total P ratio should be between 1.0 and 1.5.
    - Lean Gain Potential: to set daily AA and E req.
    - Factors influencing: location of the farm, nutrient conc. of diet, appetite of swine, genotypes, Gender, Ambient temp, Flock formation and transportation, Crowding, size and location of feeder and drinker, Composition of the diet, E level of the diet, Anti-nutritive subst., Pellets size, Phase feeding, Feeding technology
28
Q

Feeding + nutrition of mares

A

-Broodmares: breeding feb/april-nov (seasonal polyestrus), flushing (DE + 10-20%, vit.A,E and B-carotene) to impr. implant. and fertil. of eggs., opt. BCS (2.5-3) should be kept to decr. foaling difficulties
-Gestational W gain expected to be 12–16% of a mare’s initial BW, mostly attributed to fetus and placental tissues
-Most fetal W gain occurs during 3rd trimester but the nutrient needs of pregnant mares begin to incr. before
then
-E req. during first 8 months only maint., from 9th month DE+10%, 10th +15%, 11th +20%.
-CP: 10.5xDE (alfalfa at late preg.), incr. Vit.E+A throughout pregnancy, Ca+P incr. after 7th month
-Lactation most nutritionally demanding period, have higher voluntary Fi (6 months, 12-18 kg milk/day). 1st month highest demand, then decr. Need less E than cows. DEm+DEl. DCP (12xDE first 3m, then 11xDE), lysine! (3g/kg milk). Ration of lim. ess. a.a.: lys : met+cys : thr = 1 : 0,6 : 0,6

29
Q

Feeding + nutrition of foals

A
  • Initially, uses CH stored in liver and glycogen from skeletal muscle - provide E for less than 1 hour
  • Colostrum: Ig´s
  • Suckling freq: 100/day, decr. to 30-40
  • Birth W 10% of adult (50 kg), double in 2weeks
  • Creep feed (hay+conc+milk) from 2-3 weeks (liters of oat=age in months)
  • Weaning 5-6 months, 40-45% of adult BW (not possible before 3 months bec. v. little microbial dig.)
  • Forage gradually incr., if too fast/ too much alfalfa –> DOD
  • DEm+DEg
  • CP: DEx12 at weaning, DEx11 at 1 year old, DEx10 at 2 years old
  • Overfeeding: hyperlipidosis + ketosis
  • Underfeeding: rebreeding time incr., conception rate decr., milk prod. decr., threaten subseq. preg.
  • Gastric pH of newborn foals is higher (4.1) than in older foals (2.6)
30
Q

Feeding + nutrition of Breeding and Perfomance horses

A

-The nutrient requirements similar to those of other adult horses, with allowances for level of activity.
-Level of activity=the sum of breeding frequency and physical activity
◦ Breeding frequency: popular thoroughbred stallions often mounting 2 or 3 mares a day during the peak periods
◦ Individual temperament can greatly influence level of voluntary physical activity.
-2 weeks before breeding: more AA, vit. and min.
-Ca. 10-12 kg forage, 2-4 kg conc.
-Reduce starch and supply fat to incr. E and decr. sraech overload in LI
Working horses:
-Only fed for immediate needs, not future events
-For most athletic horses, the goal should be to have a BCS between 4 (racehorses) and 6 (dressage)
-Light work: 1-1,5% of BW forage, 0,5-0,75 % conc. (65/35) (ca. 10 kg feed –> 5kg hay, 1kg alfalfa, 0,5kg molasses, straws to demand)
-Moderate: 1-1,25 forage, 0,75-1,25 conc. (50/50)
-Hard: 1 forage, 1,25-2 conc. (35-65) (race horse: ca. 20 kg –> 6kg hay, 8kg grass, 5kg conc.)
-Electrolytes! Sweat
-Prevent myoglobinuria: walking, incr. forage intake, decr. conc. intake

31
Q

Difference bw. dairy and beef cattle

A
  • Beef animals are well-muscled animals with powerfully built legs. Bred and fed to produce high quality lean meat, with a minimum of bone or fat waste.
  • Dairy animals are more angular in shape. Bred and fed to produce milk, not meat. The udders are often larger and may hang lower.

Nutrition (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions