EXAM: 3. Feedstuff Flashcards
- Cereal grains (list, their approximate nutrient content).
- Grain:
- Endosperm: aleurone cell layer (ess. aa+vit.B), endosperm cells (starch)
- Germ (embryo): FA, aa, vit.E, Zn, P, K, Fe
- Bran: fiber, vit.B, P, Fe, Mn, Zn, K
- Hull (outside)
- CP: 10-15% (low to mod) (wheat highest 15%, corn lowest 10%)
- Good-mod digestibility
- Lim.aa: Lys, Meth, Thre and Tryp (oat rel. high Lys)
- Wheat: Lys, Corn: Lys+Tryp, Sorghum+rice: Thre
- Biological value: medium
- CF: 2-3% - low, in hust and hull (highest oat: 10-12%)
- EE: 2-3% - low (oat 5%, corn 4%)
- NFE: 70-80% - high (rich in starch)
- embryo/germ contains more oil than endosperm
- linoleic+oleic acid dominate among PUFA->becomes rancid quickly->soft fat in pigs and poultry
- DE: 12-15 MJ/kg - high (oat lowest 11-12)
- Minerals: Ca very low (0,3-1 g/kg), P rel. high (3-4 g/kg)
- 50% of P is phytic-P form - worse bioavail. undig. for monogastrics
- Vitamins: poor in w. sol.
- NSP: B-glucans, pentosans, pectins -> indig. for monogastrics->high viscosity in gut->antinutr. effects
- Corn, wheat
Corn: yellow, white, red
-Yellow pigment: vit.A precursor
-CP: 10% – lowest of cereals
-EE: 4% (2% linoleic acid)
-DE: 15 MJ/Kg – the highest
-ME: 17 MJ/Kg
-CF: 2-3% - low
-Production: 5-7 t/ha
-Propotion of diets: 40-60%
-High proportion of PUFA: produces soft body fat
-Generally well digestible for most animals, due to high E, easily digestible
*Limitied in cow, fattening pig → makes lard soft (bad)
*Can be given to fattening bull
-Yellow pigmnts: to skin and egg yolk
-Limited source of cholin → fattening geese → limited fat mobilization from liver
-Byproducts: germ extract rich in oil, bran, gluten, mixed together → maize gluten feed (good digestibility), Meal → high protein (up to 65%, not to Irish setters)
Wheat
- Mainly for human consumption, hybrids made for animal.
- Types: hard (HW), soft (SW), red and white, winter (planted in autumn) and spring
- Production: 5 t/ha
- Proportion in Diets: 10-30%,
- DM: 90% (highest)
- CP: 14-15% (the highest)
- Ca, P – low (P higher)
- Pentosane → ground wheat tends to form a pasty mass on the beaks of birds → less palatable to birds.
- Low in vitamin, but high in vit E and nicotinic acid
- High digestibility
- Barley, oats
BARLEY:
- DM: 87%
- CP: 10-15% low quality proteins, deficient in lysine
- EE: Low 2%
- CF: quite high 5%
- P: highest of the cereals: 4%
- ME: 12-14 MJ/Kg
- ß-Glucanse. NSP – anti-nutritive
- Rfa: 5% (reasonably high)
- Grow in cool, temperate climate
- Human and animal consumption, brewing of malt
- Production: 3-4 t/ha,
- Proportion in Diets: 5-20%,
- Pig: makes the lard hard - good.
- Forms main concentrate in pig and poultry diets (not broiler diet: too high fiber - corn much better. Good in pullet feeding. To prevent early sexual maturity before 22 weeks)
*Awns should be removed in cases of poultry feeding (mechanical damage).
*NSP: β-glucan – limit digestibility for monogastrics → β-glucanase should be added.
OAT:
- CF: 12% (the highest)
- EE: 5% (the highest) – 1.5% linoleic acid (!)
- DE: 12 MJ/kg (lowest of cereals)
- Production: 3 t/ha
- Horse, Swine, Pullets
o The best go give to horses and ruminants, less popular in pig and poultry. High CF, low energy value.
- The nutritive value depends on the proportion of kernel (groat) to hull. (dep., on variety 23-25%)
- CP – 12-13% low quality protein – deficient in methionine, histidine and tryptamine
- Lower digestibitliy (esp., poultry) than of other cereals due to higher CF and lignin content
- Good dietic effect: mostly used in horses, young animals and stud males. (Delays sexual maturity in poultry may be used – never to broilers due to high CF and the sharp hulls can hurt the small of the GI tract).
- Grain legumes (list, their approximate nutrient content).
Crude Protein (CP)
- compared to cereal grains much more: (20-40%),
- good digestibility,
- rich in Lys
- poor in Met + Cys, Try
- BV: medium,
- ANF – heat labile: tannins, alkaloids, and/or glucosides → heat treatment
o Un-treated soy bean → severe growth depression in young monogastrics
Compared to cereal grains:
- more CF (5-13%),
- much less starch (NFE: 25-50%),
- more Ca (1-2 g/kg).
- DE: similar to cereal grains - 10-15 MJ/kg
- EE: low (1.5-4.5%), except soy-bean: 18%, Lupins 5% only - Generally most vitamins in field pea
-Higher mineral content than cereals, contains a special high amount of oils
-Low Ca, P ration and high vitamin E in germ.
Use:
- pig: mostly favored: horse bean about 25%
- cow: highest horse bean 20%, lupin 2kg/day, field pea 1-1.5 kg/day
- poultry: more resitance against lupinosis. For poultry fattening: field pea.
FIELD PEA - Pisum sativum
- Production: 2 t/ha, proportion in diets: 15-20%,
- Energy rel. high: 12-13MJ/Kg
- CP: 20-25% (the lowest),
- CF: 6% - realtively high
- EE: low 2-4 %
- Main vitamines: nicotinic acid and panthotenic acid
- for dairy cow: max. 1.5 kg/d - butter breaks into small pieces – bad,
- pig: makes the lard hard – good,
- in larger amount: obstipation.
- Poultry mainly for fattening.
HORSE BEAN – Vicia faba
- Production: 2-3 t/ha, proportion in diets: 15%,
- CP: 25-30%, - high lysine, low meth and cyst.
- ANF: vicin, convicin, tannin – may cause haemolytic anaemia → limited use in monogastrics.
- dairy cow: 2 kg/day
- Pigs: in sow, weaner, fattening diets <25%
- Poultry. Little used: due to limiting met & cyst level
- Horses: 3 kg/day
LUPINS
- Grain lupins used for human and animal consuption: sweet lupins, since low alkaloid content: max 0.1%.
- Production: 3-4 t/ha, proportion in diets: 15%,
- CP: 35-40% (the highest) – limiting aa: meth.
- Dairy cow: 2 kg/d,
- ANF: lupinin, Lupanin < 0.08%,
- lupinosis (liver damage) → depression, jaundice, photosensitization
o poultry more tolerant for lupin in their diet than swine. SOYA BEAN - Glycine max
- Production: 2 t/ha,
- Only used for protein supplement, expensive - mostly human consumption
- CP: 33-40%, limiting aa: meth. → BV highest among the feedstuff of plant origin
- „Full-Fat” Soybeans,
- EE: 20% (Rancidity!), rich in linoleic and linolenic acids
- pig: makes the lard soft – bad
- ANF: trypsin inhibitor - heat treatment req.
- Oilseed (solvent extracted) meals (list, their approximate nutrient content).
Extracted from soya bean, sunflower, linseed and rapeseed
Fat removal:
1) screw press → cake: 5-10% oil
2) extraction: (1-2 %oil) by using organic solvents to dissolve the oil from the seeds.
Average:
- high in CP: 35-50%,
- CF: 5-30%,
- Biological Value: different
- antinutritíonal factors
o small amount of halls (except sunflower meal),
o high amount of hulls (sunflower meal),
- lack fat soluble vitamins,
- their proportion in diets: 5-40%.
Extracted soya bean meal:
− CP: 45-50%, Meth lim. aa - suppl. → BV↑,
o ANFs (eg. tripstrypsin inhib.) → heat treatment required
o monogastrics: up to 40%,
o Ru: after heat treatment → UDP↑ (dairy cow).
Extracted sunflower meal:
− CP: 30-45%, Lys lim aa. → Lys suppl. → BV ↑
o free from antinutritional factors,
− CF: 12-30% (!),
− Use in animal feeds:
o CF is the limiting factor,
o monogastrics: in 5-20%
o in starter diets: NO
o ruminants: RDP 75%
Extracted rapeseed meal
− CP: 35-40%, Lys lim aa. → Lys suppl. → BV ↑
o ANF (mustard oil, eruic acid, tannic acid)
o 00 or 000 types,
− CF: 10-15%,
− Use in animal feeds:
o monogastric animals: in 10-20%
o ruminants: 1-2 kg/day.
Extracted linseed meal
− CP: 35%, Lys lim. aa
− mucilaginous gums: good dietetic effect (protects against inflam.)
− scalding: inactivation of enzymes which deliver HCN (ANF)
− Use in animal feeds:
*monogastric animals: in 10-15%,
*ruminants: 1-2 kg/day.
-By the extraction of oil, proportion of both protein and crude fiber is almost doubled. CF ↓ the feeding value.
-High P content: 50% bound to phytic acid. Low Ca.
- Feed sampling, feed microscopy
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- Guidelines and rules for ration formulation. Ration formulation by computer.
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- Milling by-products of cereal grains (wheat bran, wheat germ)
Composition of wheat grain:
- germ 3%
- bran/seed 15%
- endosperm: 32%
Wheat → byproducts depend on mill and wheat type
CF: wheat bran > wheat germ
Wheat
- CP 14% (richest among cereal grains)
- CF 3%
- DE: 14.5 MJ/Kg (high digestibility)
- P: 3 g/kg (high)
Wheat bran: fleaky brown material = outside, hulls etc.
- CP: 16% (due to starch removed)
- CF: 10-12% (due to hulls)
- DE: 10.5 MJ/Kg (lower because much NFE removed)
- P: 11 g/kg – low in Ca (P in hulls)
- Uses in animal feed:
o High fiber content → laxative effect → higher GI motility
o Pregnant sow/mare: just before farrowing due to help empty GIT to ease the deliver
o Pullet diet: dilution of energy density → decrease the development → egg production starts later.
o Dairy cow: milk fever - ketosis
o Pets: feeding of obese animals, diabetic animals
- Mycotoxins
Wheat germ
- CP: 25-30% → protein supplement
- EE: 6-8 % (unsat. FA - essential)
- Rich in vitamin E
-The available amount of this kind of feed is very limited.
- By-products of starch industry and fruit processing.
-Raw materials of starch prod.:
1. Cereal grains (corn, wheat, barley, etc.)
2. Roots and tubers (potatoes, carrots, etc.)
Corn gluten:
-CP: 60-70%
-Poultry diets: 2-5% (yellow pigment used in prod.: skin, egg yolk)
-Dairy cows: 2-5% of concentrates (good advantage in UDP: 55%)
Corn Germ:
-CP: 17%
-EE: 20% - huge amount of good quality oil, ess. FAs
-Rich in vit.E
-Monogastric diet: 1-2%
Corn gluten feed: after sep. of most starch+germ+gluten
-CP: 20-25%
-CF: 10% - rel high
-Starch: 20% - rel. low
-Dairy cow: 1-2kg/day
-RDP: 70%
By-prod of food proc:
Tomato pomace:
-DM: 10%
-CP: 20%
-Grinding (seeds+oils+protein)
-Beef: 15-20kg/day
-Drying: preserved better but expensive
Apple pomace:
-After milling and pressing cider/juice/puree
-Skin+seeds
-Grinding (seeds+oils+protein)
-Beef: 15-20kg/day
-Swine: 2-3kg/day
-Drying: preserved better
Grape pomace:
-Seeds+skin
-EE: 80-90 g/kg DM
-CF: 300 6/kg DM
-Fed in ground form to Ru
Yeast: like brewers yeast
- By-products of sugar industry.
-Sugar beet → harvested in autumn
Sugar beet pulp: fed in the original wet form
- DM: 10-15% - only the nearby of the sugar factory
- CP: 15-20%
- CF: 3.5 % (low)
- NFE: 10% (high)
- esp. related to Ru, if not balanced feed: Rumen acidosis
- Use: Dairy cow, beef cattle. 20-30 Kg/day
o CF supplementation (hay) is required
o Lots of fermentable carbs → need to compensate
-In winter danger of freezing. Sometimes very dirty from soil.
Dry sugar beet pulp:
- DM: 90%
- CP: 10% (low)
- CF: 16-18% (good digestibility → not always a good thing, as ex rabbit need non-digestible fiber
- NFE: 55-60% (high)
- High viscosity → swelling in the stomach, horses!!!
- Good feed for pigs – monogastric animals mainly!
- Expensive process
Molasses
- DM: 75-80%
- CP: 8-10%
- NFE: 60% (sugars)!!!
- Uses in animal feed:
o Ru – 1-2 kg/day
o For piglets (sweet)
-Uses in feed industry: Pellet binder, Silage additive
- Distillery and brewery by-products.
- Straws, roots and tubers.
- Feedstuffs of animal origin (fish meal, milk products).
- Pasture grasses, and harvested green forages.
- Silage making.
- Maize silage (nutrient content, its use in animal nutrition).
- Hay and haymaking.
- Meadow hay, Alfalfa hay.
- Antioxidants, amino acid and enzyme supplements.
- Mineral and vitamin supplements.
- Use of NPN (Non Protein Nitrogen) supplementation.
- Manufactured feeds.
Brewery by products
Barley – is sprouted to produce amylase enzyme → malted barley which give two products the main product for beer, malt, and the malt sprouts as a by-product.
Malt sprouts
- Approx. 25 % CP
o Rich in lysine, methionine
- 10-15 % CF
- Usages
o Cow → 2-3 kg daily in high amount may cause bitter taste of the milk
o Beef cattle → < 35% of the concentrate mixture
o Horses/swine → 10-15% of the conc. mix
o Poultry → not too concentrated due to high CF, but in pullet feeding good.
Malt is growned and cooked → the amylase previously produced will break down starch to glucose. After filtrating giving rice to the product, soluble, and the by-product the brewers grains
Brewers grain
- DM – 20-30%, high moisture content
- Based on DM there are 20-22% of both CP and CF
- Usage in wet form
o Cattle – 20-35 kg/day
o Sheep/swine – 1-2 kg/day
o Due to high moisture, difficult to store
- Usage in dried form
o Cattle -2-3 kg/day
o Sheep/swine – 0.5-2 kg/day
o Horses – may substitute 30-40% of the oat.
To the soluble, hop and yeast is added forming the beer from the glucosa and brewer’s yeast as a by-product.
Brewer’s yeast
- Dried form is used for monogastric animals, usually poultry and swine at a 3-5% of the
mix
- Rich in protein <60%
o High lysine content → limiting a.a. is methionine.
