Nutr Prior to Pregnancy Flashcards
Female and Male reproductive differences
Female = Born with eggs, 7 mill, cyclic, LONG term exposure
Male = sperm producing system, puberty, on-going
How is feedback controlled for testosterone / estrogen release
negative feedback to the Ant Pit (FSH + LH) & and hypothalamus (GnRH)
Which hormone is specific for Estrogen / Progestogen
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
How long does it take sperm to mature? from what Hormones
70-80 days, testosterone and other androgens
undernutrition and fertility in males and females
Females: Hypothalamic amenorrhea, Female athlete triad,
Males: impaired sperm number, viability, motility, d - sex drive, (Abrupt things will cause this)
Antioxidants
Role in protection of ovum and sperm from reduction
Vit C, Vit E, Beta-carotene, Selenium, Zinc
Which micronutrient has a role in test synthesis and sperm maturation?
Zinc
Why is obesity a concern with female fertility?
Excess visceral adipose tissue can alter hormones
Menstrual irregularities - increase Androgens, leptin, estrogen
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) - hyperandrogenism from increased test, impaired ovarian folliculagenesis (hyperinsulinemia), associated w/ android fat
In PCOS what comes first IR or Ovarian steroidogenesis
It’s interchangeable. Either way leads to PCOS = Dyslipidemia, CVD, T2D
Why is obesity a concern with Male fertility?
Decreased sperm count, increased risk of ED,
-Increased Leptin + estrogen
- Increased scrotal temp
Other concerns with male infertility
Vit D - low sperm count + motility
Alcohol - decrease test levels and production
heavy metals, chemicals - lead/cadmium effect Q&Q
What is a Neural tube defect?
Failure of closing of neural tube during early development - Weeks 3 and 4
- Mechanism unclear
When is there no longer a concern for major congenital anomalies
After week 8 (enters fetal period) –> Functional defects and minor anomalies
When is limb development
4-8 weeks
Anencephaly (NTD)
Incomplete brain formation, absence of forebrain and skull
Encephalay (NTD)
Protrusion of brain and membranes through skull
Spina Bifida (NTD)
Incomplete spinal cord formation, Present from the signs of a “lump”, Control on body is affected from lump down
Folate is a __ Vitamin. list the family of compounds
B9 Vit
Folate: polyglutamate in food
Folic Acid: monoglutamate in supplements
Bioactive form: Tetrahydrofolate
What are the two fates of folate?
It can be used for normal cell growth, synthesis and development, especially in rapidly dividing = DNA
It can be converted to its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which plays a critical role in the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid that is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. By creating Methionine (essential AA) and then SAM methyl donor
How does supplemental Folate stop MethyleneTHF Reductase MTHFR?
bpasses MTHFR and allows for less odds of decreased methylation
What is MTHFR SNP
variant gene associated with increased plasma homocysteine and risk of NTD
What would increase NTD’s
Mothers genes
mothers diet prior / during
Follicle growth causes an increase in?
Ovulation is followed by a decrease in?
Follicle growth = estrogen release
Ovulation = steady estrogen, increased progesterone = inhibit GnRH, then both decrease
What are the critical periods on Fetal development
Hyperplasia - increased cell count. Cannot be reversed, nutrients need to be met
Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy - Increased cell size, can be reversed
Where is folate found in food?
Veg - peas, beans, dark leafy greens
Fruits - Oranges, OJ, pineapple juice
Fortified grain products (pasta, flour)
Supplements
Differentiate b/w the different MTHFR SNP’s: CC, CT, TT
CC = Normal, Decreased DNA syn, Increased methylation
CT = Mid
TT = Highly increased risk for NTD, increased DNA syn, decreased methylation (SAM)
What is the RDA for Folate (Female, Pregnancy, UL)
Female : 400 mcg
Prego: 600 mcg
UL: 1000 mcg
Why is 400 micrograms recommended for pregnant women in a multivitamin?
It’s the most bioavailable
Teratogens
substances that can produce or increase the incidence of an abnormality in embryonic or fetal development
Drugs, Vit A, lead, mercury
Why is Vit A a teratogen
increased level can lead to spontaneous birth and birth defects: Facial, heart abnormalities, CNS problems
RDA and UL for Vit A
RDA: 700 nanog
UL: 3,000 (pre-formed only)
What damage would increased methyl mercury cause?
CNS defects (cerebral atrophy, seizures, mental impairment, blindness)
What damage would increased Alcohol consumption cause?
CNS development (primary cause) - FAS
Heavy intake = stillbirth, miscarriage, infant mortality
Describe Fetal Alcohol syndrome
Growth impairment, neurological abnormalities, development delays,
