Nutr Prior to Pregnancy

Question 1

Female and Male reproductive differences

Answer 1

Female = Born with eggs, 7 mill, cyclic, LONG term exposure

Male = sperm producing system, puberty, on-going

Question 2

How is feedback controlled for testosterone / estrogen release

Answer 2

negative feedback to the Ant Pit (FSH + LH) & and hypothalamus (GnRH)

Question 3

Which hormone is specific for Estrogen / Progestogen

Answer 3

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Question 4

How long does it take sperm to mature? from what Hormones

Answer 4

70-80 days, testosterone and other androgens

Question 5

undernutrition and fertility in males and females

Answer 5

Females: Hypothalamic amenorrhea, Female athlete triad,
Males: impaired sperm number, viability, motility, d - sex drive, (Abrupt things will cause this)

Question 6

Antioxidants

Answer 6

Role in protection of ovum and sperm from reduction
Vit C, Vit E, Beta-carotene, Selenium, Zinc

Question 7

Which micronutrient has a role in test synthesis and sperm maturation?

Answer 7

Zinc

Question 8

Why is obesity a concern with female fertility?

Answer 8

Excess visceral adipose tissue can alter hormones
Menstrual irregularities - increase Androgens, leptin, estrogen
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) - hyperandrogenism from increased test, impaired ovarian folliculagenesis (hyperinsulinemia), associated w/ android fat

Question 9

In PCOS what comes first IR or Ovarian steroidogenesis

Answer 9

It’s interchangeable. Either way leads to PCOS = Dyslipidemia, CVD, T2D

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

Why is obesity a concern with Male fertility?

Answer 12

Decreased sperm count, increased risk of ED,
-Increased Leptin + estrogen
- Increased scrotal temp

Question 13

Other concerns with male infertility

Answer 13

Vit D - low sperm count + motility
Alcohol - decrease test levels and production
heavy metals, chemicals - lead/cadmium effect Q&Q

Question 14

What is a Neural tube defect?

Answer 14

Failure of closing of neural tube during early development - Weeks 3 and 4
- Mechanism unclear

Question 15

When is there no longer a concern for major congenital anomalies

Answer 15

After week 8 (enters fetal period) –> Functional defects and minor anomalies

Question 16

When is limb development

Answer 16

4-8 weeks

Question 17

Anencephaly (NTD)

Answer 17

Incomplete brain formation, absence of forebrain and skull

Question 18

Encephalay (NTD)

Answer 18

Protrusion of brain and membranes through skull

Question 19

Spina Bifida (NTD)

Answer 19

Incomplete spinal cord formation, Present from the signs of a “lump”, Control on body is affected from lump down

Question 20

Folate is a __ Vitamin. list the family of compounds

Answer 20

B9 Vit
Folate: polyglutamate in food
Folic Acid: monoglutamate in supplements
Bioactive form: Tetrahydrofolate

Question 21

What are the two fates of folate?

Answer 21

It can be used for normal cell growth, synthesis and development, especially in rapidly dividing = DNA

It can be converted to its active form, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which plays a critical role in the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid that is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. By creating Methionine (essential AA) and then SAM methyl donor

Question 22

How does supplemental Folate stop MethyleneTHF Reductase MTHFR?

Answer 22

bpasses MTHFR and allows for less odds of decreased methylation

Question 23

What is MTHFR SNP

Answer 23

variant gene associated with increased plasma homocysteine and risk of NTD

Question 24

What would increase NTD’s

Answer 24

Mothers genes
mothers diet prior / during

Question 25

Follicle growth causes an increase in?
Ovulation is followed by a decrease in?

Answer 25

Follicle growth = estrogen release
Ovulation = steady estrogen, increased progesterone = inhibit GnRH, then both decrease

Question 26

What are the critical periods on Fetal development

Answer 26

Hyperplasia - increased cell count. Cannot be reversed, nutrients need to be met
Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy - Increased cell size, can be reversed

Question 27

Where is folate found in food?

Answer 27

Veg - peas, beans, dark leafy greens
Fruits - Oranges, OJ, pineapple juice
Fortified grain products (pasta, flour)
Supplements

Question 28

Differentiate b/w the different MTHFR SNP’s: CC, CT, TT

Answer 28

CC = Normal, Decreased DNA syn, Increased methylation
CT = Mid
TT = Highly increased risk for NTD, increased DNA syn, decreased methylation (SAM)

Question 29

What is the RDA for Folate (Female, Pregnancy, UL)

Answer 29

Female : 400 mcg
Prego: 600 mcg
UL: 1000 mcg

Question 30

Why is 400 micrograms recommended for pregnant women in a multivitamin?

Answer 30

It’s the most bioavailable

Question 31

Teratogens

Answer 31

substances that can produce or increase the incidence of an abnormality in embryonic or fetal development
Drugs, Vit A, lead, mercury

Question 32

Why is Vit A a teratogen

Answer 32

increased level can lead to spontaneous birth and birth defects: Facial, heart abnormalities, CNS problems

Question 33

RDA and UL for Vit A

Answer 33

RDA: 700 nanog
UL: 3,000 (pre-formed only)

Question 34

What damage would increased methyl mercury cause?

Answer 34

CNS defects (cerebral atrophy, seizures, mental impairment, blindness)

Question 35

What damage would increased Alcohol consumption cause?

Answer 35

CNS development (primary cause) - FAS
Heavy intake = stillbirth, miscarriage, infant mortality

Question 36

Describe Fetal Alcohol syndrome

Answer 36

Growth impairment, neurological abnormalities, development delays,