Genomics

Question 1

Nutrigenomics

Answer 1

Effect of diet/nutrition on gene expression
-Change in phenotype w/o a change in genotype

Question 2

Nutrigenetics

Answer 2

Influence of gene variations modifies dietary effects.
- Polymorphisms
- SNP’S

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

Genes that have variations in bases

Question 4

Differentiate between phenotype and genotype

Answer 4

Genotype: Genetic make up (ex.aabb)
Phenotype: physical characteristics

Question 5

Autosomal recessive genes: Hbs+Hbs
Hb + Hbs

Answer 5

These genes affect RBC shape.
Hbs+Hb = AT heterozygous. Some disc-shaped, some sickle (no symptoms)

Hbs+Hbs = TT homozygous, all RBC are sickle
- Gutamic acid replaced with Valine

Question 6

SREBP-1c (snp)

Answer 6

Increase fat deposits
High fat + overexpression = dyslipidemia, impaired glucose, T2D
- should be on a low fat diet

Question 7

Apolipoprotein E4 (snp)

Answer 7

regulates lipoprotein-cholesterol clearance
ApoE4 + High fat = High LDL
- Should be on a low fat diet

Question 8

How does Mysostatin influence body comp?

Answer 8

It inhibits MPS
Hetero = more fast & muscle
Homo mh = bulky + slow

Question 8

How does Mysostatin influence body comp?

Answer 8

It inhibits MPS
Hetero = +/mh more fast & muscle

Question 9

Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS)

Answer 9

Chromosomal deletion, multi genes affected
Hypothalamic dysfunction, short stature, inappropriate food seeking behaviors, failure to thrive in infancy

Question 10

Define Epigenetics

Answer 10

heritable changes in gene function that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. Changes to the DNA molecule itself or to the proteins with which DNA interacts.
Influenced by: Environment, diet, disease, exercise,

Question 11

Epigenetic examples

Answer 11

DNA methylation
Chromatin modification: modify histones (methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation)

Question 12

Epigenetic code

Answer 12

Determines what genes are expressed:
DNA methylation + histone modification

Question 13

Why will two twins never usually be the same?

Answer 13

Epigenome: link between environmental factors and phenotypical changes during the lifetime

Question 14

What is the life course model

Answer 14

non communicable disease risk will increase due to lifelong exposures with the highest increase during adulthood

Question 15

Barker hypothesis / Developmental origins of disease hypothesis

Answer 15

There are certain environmental factors that can increase/decrease risk of fetus - suggest improving conditions for a fetus could be effective way to reduce odds of chronic disease.
- Found those with the lowest birth rate had a higher chance of CVD

Question 16

Intra-uterine growth

Answer 16

associated with increase risk of chronic disease:
SGA/LBW > LGA for chances of chronic disease, LGA is less studied

Question 17

How did babies during the dutch famine results differ depending on exposure?

Answer 17

DNA methylation changes related to growth
Late - T2D (high glucose)
Early - CVD
Mid - Microalbuminuria / kidney damage

Question 18

Low protein maternal diet

Answer 18

associated with physical changes in the structure of proteins. (Ex. GLUT 4, leptin, adipose tissue, heat tissue)

Question 19

choline deficiencies

Answer 19

Brain structure + function
Irreversible

Question 20

Methyl-group metabolism can be affected by deficiency or supplementations of

Answer 20

Choline, methionine, V B12, folate

Question 21

Why might the thrifty phenotype model be advantageous

Answer 21

Thrifty model predicts that being born into nutrient poor environment could be advantageous compared to a nutrient rich one which can lead to Met S