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NU FS 356 > 15- Adolescence > Flashcards

15- Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of adolescence

A

The period between the start of puberty and adulthood
- Early adolescents: 10-14
- Late adolescents: 15-19
- Early adulthood: 20-24

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2
Q

Define puberty

A

The physical transformation from child to adult. It includes: sexual maturation, increased height and weight, completion of skeletal growth, changes in body composition.

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3
Q

Timespan of female sexual maturation

A

Starts from 8-12 years old; 5 year process

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4
Q

How does body composition change in female adolesents?

A

Peak weight gain occurs after peak height gain and before menarche. Greater increases in fat mass (120%) than lean mass (44%); increasing fat mass proportion to lean mass.

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5
Q

How does body composition change in male adolescents?

A

Peak weight gain and peak height gain occur simultaneously. Increased lean body mass and decreased fat mass (increased proportion of lean body mass).

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6
Q

Why has the age of menarche decreased?

A

Because BMI has increased over time. Leptin from adipose tissues signal the start of puberty by removing GnRH suppression.

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7
Q

When does leptin increase in puberty (males and females)

A

Females: leptin increases seen 6 months before menarche; related to glutofemoral fat
Males: increases in leptin precede puberty, but then leptin concentrations decline

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8
Q

What are some consequences of very early onset of menses?

A
  • Social and behavioural
  • Increased risk of: metS/PCOS and breast cancer
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9
Q

What describes a change in cognitive development?

A

A shift from concrete to abstract thinking

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10
Q

At what stage of adolescence is peer influence the strongest?

A

Middle adolescence. Peer influence is strong during early adolescence, decreses in later adolescence, and early adulthood is marked by independence.

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11
Q

How should health messages be directed towards adolescents?

A

They should consider: cognitive and social development, behavioural characteristics, youth culture and trends

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12
Q

3 factors affecting eating behaviours in adolescence:

A
  1. Individual - biological changes, attitudes, beliefs, preferences, self efficacy
  2. Environment - family/home, school, peers, norms
  3. Macrosystems - availability, production, distribution, media, policy
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13
Q

What nutrients are decreased when breakfast is skipped?

A

Iron, calcium, fibre, fruit

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14
Q

What is the quality in terms of following CFG recommendations in adolescent diets

A

75% are in the requires improvement category; 25% in poor quality; none in good quality

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15
Q

What percentage of adolescents don’t reach grain recommendations?

A

Around 1/3 of female adolescents.

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16
Q

What percentage of adolescents do not meet vegetable and fruit requirements?

A

Around 45-62% of males (better intake with age)
Around 60-68% of females (better intake with age)
- More males meet requirements than females

17
Q

Percentage of adolescents who do not meet milk and alt recommendations

A

46-65% of male
65-83% of females

18
Q

Why don’t adolescents eat healthy foods?

A
  • Lack of availability and not enough variety
  • Healthy foods offeed at school are unappealing
  • Easy access to unhealthy foods
  • Social pressure to eat unhealthy foods (parent
19
Q

Barriers to healthy eating in young adults

A
  • Unhealthy diets of friends and family
  • Unhealthy foods are cheap
  • Preference for unehealthy food
  • Lack of time, facilities, knowledge, skills
  • etc.
20
Q

How does energy intake recommendations compare between adolescence and adulthood?

A

Higher energy intake (absolute and per kg) for adolescents.

21
Q

Fibre intake for M and F 14-18 years

A

F: 26
M: 38

22
Q

AMDR for 14-18yr

A

PRO: 10-30
Fats: 25-35
CHO: 45-65

23
Q

Peak calcium accretion rate age

A

M: 14
F: 12.5

24
Q

What percentage of calcium accretion occurs in the 3-4 years of adolescence?

A

40%

25
Q

Other than calcium and vit D intake, what is important for calcium retention?

A

Physical activity

26
Q

When are iron requirements the highest?

A

M: peak growth rate
F: after first menses

27
Q

When does the DRI for F iron increase?

A

14 according to Health Canada, but actually at the age of menses

28
Q

How do nutritional recommendations change for adolescents during pregnancy vs preganant adults?

A
  • Pregnant adolescents require higher energy and some minerals: calcium, phosphorus, Mg, Zn, iron
  • (Due to demands for maternal growth and pregnancy)
  • Require greater nutrition support
29
Q

How does social development change from Early adolescence to early adulthood

A

Early adolescence: Body image and aware of sexual awareness - peer influence
Middle: Emotional and social independence, make decisions for self - peer influence
Late: Personal identity + beliefs, social confidence, - less peer
Early adulthood - Completion of independence, adult roles and responsibility

NU FS 356 (13 decks)

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