Fetal Nourishment and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What causes the accumulation in size around 20 weeks

A

The baby starts building up proteins and lipids

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2
Q

Zona Reaction

A

Sperm head contains enzymes that allow it to penetrate the acrosome wall and make the egg impenetrable to any other sperm

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3
Q

What are the 3 layers of the egg

A

Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
Oolemma/oocyte

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4
Q

Where does fertilization occur in the vagina?

A

fertilize in the widest part of the fallopian tube (close to fimbria)

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5
Q

4 stages to early implantation

A

Stage 1: fertilization to a Zygote
Stage 2: zygote divides 2- — Morula (16-32) uterine cavity
Stage 3: Early blastocyst to late blastocyst (uterus wall)
Stage 4: implantation

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6
Q

Zona pellucida important for dividing cells because

A

it provides a source of nutrients to cells that are dividing

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7
Q

When does the Zona pellucida degarde

A

when it enters the uterus (day 4-5)

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8
Q

How is nutrients provided after zona degrades

A

Supplied from secretion of the uterine glands - glycogen (main)

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9
Q

Blastocyst (describe)

A

Hollow ball with Inner cell mass
Trophoblast - outer layer

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10
Q

Early week 2

A

Trophoblast cells secrete enzymes that help it burrow into the endometrium — once fully attached it can begin to receive nutrients

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11
Q

Later week 2

A

Inner cell mass becomes flattened disc and amniotic cavity develops
2 layers form - Epiblast and hypoblast

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12
Q

Epiblast layer

A

Next to amniotic cavity
Gives rise to Ectoderm and mesoderm

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13
Q

Hypoblast layer

A

Next to blastocyst cavity
Gives rise to endoderm
Gets thickkk = cranial region

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14
Q

Purpose of the Lacunar networks

A

beginning of maternal-fetal circulation - develops within trophoblast - primary chorionic villi

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15
Q

What occurs week three of embryotic development

A

Gastrulation - formation of the 3 germ layers
Neurulation - formation of the central nervous system
Cardiovascular system begins

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16
Q

What are the three germ layers

A

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

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17
Q

Ectoderm

A

Epidermis, hair, nails, teeth enamel, internal ear, retina
CAN, PNS

18
Q

Endoderm

A

Lining of respiratory and gastro tract
Epithelium of liver, pancreas, bladder

19
Q

Mesoderm

A

SKM, CV System, reproductive and excretory system

20
Q

Why would the pancreas be unaffected by maternal folate amounts

A

It does not develop until the 3rd trimester

21
Q

Later week 3

A

Folding of the neural tube
Development of paired somites from mesoderm, Coelom, link heart tubes, completion of chorionic villi

22
Q

Where would malformation resulting in spina bifida occur

A

the neural crest

23
Q

Purpose of the chorionic villi

A

Finger like projections on surface of placenta - play a key role in the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between mother and fetus

24
Q

Sequential gene

A

Week 4-8, major folding transverse and longitudinal - controlled by sequential gene

25
Week 4 is
Neural tube ends close Heart now pumps blood Development of forebrain, limb buds, internal ears, eye lens
26
Week 5-6 is
Rapid development of brain which requires DHA Head grows much greater than trunk
27
Week 7-8 is
Limb development including bones GI tract formation (produces enzymes)
28
Accumulation of body fat % at week 29 compared to 38. Why?
29 = 3.5% 38 = 16% No fat at 29 weeks, but most of the developmental structures are there
29
What is the difference of focus from week 8 to week 9 from a nutritional perspective?
Week 8 - Quality Week 9 - Quality and quantity
30
2 Parts to the placenta
Maternal - Endometrium layer - Lacunae structure Fetal party - Chorionic villus
31
When and how does the Placental Villi complete
Week 3 Trophoblast vessels SA increase
32
Differentiate between the umbilical vein and arteries
Vein: Allows for nutrient to be transferred to fetus Arteries: Brings O2 and nutrient depleted blood back to mom.
33
What are the 3 functions of placenta
-Hormone secretion - HCG, estrogen, progesterone, placental lactogen -Metabolism -Transfer of nutrients and other substances
34
Which hormone is the marker for pregnancy
Human chorionic gonadotropin hCG - Week 10 (depletes after)
35
What does the placental metabolize
Glycogen, Cholesterol, FA
36
Why does progesterone stay high when pregnancy is confirmed?
Prepares the uterus for pregnancy - prevents endothelial cells from sloughing off
37
What are the 4 mechanisms of transfer for placental transfer
Simple diffusion - Water, FAs, Na, Cl Facilitated diffusion - glucose, iron, vit A, D Active transport - AA, water soluble vitamins Endocytosis - albumin, immunoglobulins
38
Why would FFA be passive to the fetus
The baby needs lots of supply, Concentration gradient
39
Describe the placental transfer of glucose
Facilitated diffusion, controlled by placental metabolism. Placenta uses 30-40% of glucose taken up from maternal circulation
40
Describe the placental transfer of lipids
simple diffusion or facilitated. N-6 & n-3 are transferred through pregnancy - due to importance But lipids for fetal adipose tissue are transferred late in gestation
41
Control and Transfer of AA
Transfer Active transport Controlled by Placenta SA, Placenta blood flow, placental permeability & conc gradient of protein