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Nursing School > NUR 220 - Musculoskeletal and Neuro > Flashcards

NUR 220 - Musculoskeletal and Neuro Flashcards

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1
Q

condyloid

A

wrist joint

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2
Q

saddle

A

thumb

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3
Q

pivot

A

forearm (radioulnar)

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4
Q

gliding

A

little bones in hand

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5
Q

hinge

A

elbow and knee joint

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6
Q

ball and socket

A

shoulder + hip joint

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7
Q

what do you palpate joints for?

A

temperature, tissue integrity, and shape

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8
Q

goniometer

A

measures joints range of motion

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9
Q

what is a fracture?

A

partial or complete break in continutity of the bone

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10
Q

what is a pathologic fracture?

A

fracture caused by weakness in bone (osteoporosis or neoplasm)

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11
Q

open vs. closed fracture

A

open is bone outside skin and closed is skin still intact

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12
Q

what causes musculoskeletal deformity or loss of function?

A
  • tissue shortening around bone
  • localized edema
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13
Q

factors that can cause osteoporosis

A
  • age
  • lack of estrogen
  • calcium deficiency
  • lack of exercise
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14
Q

when do patients know they have arthritis?

A
  • not until they realize loss of height, fractures, or kyphosis
  • osteoporosis is asymptomatic
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15
Q

kyphosis

A

hunch back

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16
Q

lordosis

A

extra arched back, hips forward

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17
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

breakdown in articular cartilage

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18
Q

what joints does osteoarthritis affect?

A
  • weight bearing joints (hips, knees, vertebrae, ankles)
  • hands and fingers
  • joints with repetitive movement (sports)
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19
Q

what is joint inflammation

A

bone on bone movement - no cartilage anymore

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20
Q

heberdens nodes

A

swelling of finger joints more towards nail bed (distal)

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21
Q

bouchards nodes

A

swelling of finger joints more towards knucles (proximal)

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22
Q

symptoms of osteoarthritis

A
  • joint edema
  • aching pain
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23
Q

what kind of secretion is found in people with Gout?

A

Uric acid

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24
Q

what is thought to cause Gout

A

missing the enzyme needed to metabolize purines to be peed out

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25
Q

where does uric acid like to accumulate?

A
  • big toe (most common)
  • wrists, hands, ankles, knees
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26
Q

what does gout look like?

A

erythema (redness) and edema of joints

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27
Q

what is Tophi

A

pea-like deposits of uric acid

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28
Q

where does Tophi show up?

A
  • ear cartilage
  • subcutaneous tissue + other joints
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29
Q

what can kidney stone from uric acid cause in the body?

A
  • flank pain
  • costovertebral angle tenderness
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30
Q

what kind of scoliosis is thought to be genetic?

A

idiopathic scoliosis

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31
Q

who is most at risk for scoliosis

A

girls more than boys

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32
Q

non genetic causes of scoliosis

A
  • deformed spine
  • neuromuscular disease
  • traumatic injury
  • unequal leg length
33
Q

what is considered “mild” scoliosis

A

curvature between 10% and 20%

34
Q

intracranial regulation

A

mechanisms that facilitate or impair neurologic function

35
Q

interrelationships

A

how other body systems work with the neurological systme to keep us alive

36
Q

sensory perception

A

interact with the environment using the five senses

37
Q

tactile perception

A

ability to sense stuff through touch

38
Q

afferent messages

A

from sensory receptors to CNS

39
Q

efferent messages

A

CNS sends motor and autonomic messages out to muscles and glands

40
Q

somatic fibers

A

controls muscle contractions (voluntary)

41
Q

autonomic fibers

A

controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue (involuntary)

42
Q

how many cranial nerves?

A

12 pairs

43
Q

how many spinal nerve?

A

31 pairs

44
Q

somatic and autonomic are part of which nervous system?

A

peripheral

45
Q

which system mediates unconcious activity?

A

autonomic

46
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietak, temporal, occipital

47
Q

which lobe contains primary motor cortex and controls voluntary movement?

A

frontal

48
Q

which area is responsible for word formulation and where is it located?

A

brocas area located in left frontal lobe

49
Q

which lobe controls intellectual function, awareness of self, personality, and autonomic emotional responses?

A

frontal

50
Q

which lobe contins primary somesthetic (sensory) cortex and receives sensory input?

A

parietal

51
Q

which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?

A

temporal lobe

52
Q

where is Wernickes area?

A

left temporal lobe

53
Q

what does Wernickes area do?

A
  • comprehend spoken + written language
  • interpret auditory, visual, and sensory imputs from thoughts and memory
54
Q

which lobe contains primary visual cortex and interprets visual info?

A

occipital

55
Q

three parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

56
Q

10 of the 12 cranial nerves originate from where?

A

brainstem

57
Q

midbrain function

A

send muscle movement stimuli to other parts of the brain

58
Q

pons function

A

sends impulses to brain centers and lower spinal nerves

59
Q

medulla oblongata function

A

reflexes such as breathing, sneexing, vomiting, vasoconstriction

60
Q

function of the cerebellum

A
  • balance
  • coordinating function
  • maintaining equilibrium
  • muscle tone
  • proprioception (sense of self movement)
61
Q

what does the cervical spine control?

A

diaphragm, chest wall, arms and shoulders

62
Q

what does the thoracic spine control?

A

upper body and GI function

63
Q

what does the lumbar and sacral spine control

A

lower body, bowl + bladder movement

64
Q

purpose of autonomic nervous system

A

regulate bodys internal environment in tandem with endocrine system

65
Q

which is the fight or flight system?

A

sympathetic

66
Q

which is the rest and digest or breed and feed system?

A

parasympathetic

67
Q

what is the earliest and most sensitive indicator of alterations in cerebral function?

A

change in LOC

68
Q

when is the only time you can inflict pain on a patient?

A

when doing GCS assessment

69
Q

romberg test

A

patient stands with eyes closed and you put arms out in case they fall

70
Q

what is the purpose of romberg test

A

assess cerebellar function

71
Q

how to test kinesthetic sensation

A

move finger or toe up or down

72
Q

how to test stereognosis

A

have patient identify object in hand

73
Q

how to test grapesthesia

A

have patient identify drawing of number or letter on hand

74
Q

clonus

A

repeated reflex muscular movements (involuntary muscle spasms)

75
Q

disorders of peripheral nerves

A
  • myasthenia gravias
  • guillian barre syndrome
76
Q

decorticate

A

abnormal flexion - arms held tightly up to body

77
Q

decerebrate

A

abnormal extension - arms held rigid at sides of body

78
Q

4 things to immediately report in neuro

A
  1. sudden or subtle changes in LOC
  2. decrease in 2 points from GCS
  3. abnormal flexion or extension
  4. pinpoint, dilated, and nonreactive pupils

Nursing School (16 decks)

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