NUR 220 - Musculoskeletal and Neuro Flashcards
condyloid
wrist joint
saddle
thumb
pivot
forearm (radioulnar)
gliding
little bones in hand
hinge
elbow and knee joint
ball and socket
shoulder + hip joint
what do you palpate joints for?
temperature, tissue integrity, and shape
goniometer
measures joints range of motion
what is a fracture?
partial or complete break in continutity of the bone
what is a pathologic fracture?
fracture caused by weakness in bone (osteoporosis or neoplasm)
open vs. closed fracture
open is bone outside skin and closed is skin still intact
what causes musculoskeletal deformity or loss of function?
- tissue shortening around bone
- localized edema
factors that can cause osteoporosis
- age
- lack of estrogen
- calcium deficiency
- lack of exercise
when do patients know they have arthritis?
- not until they realize loss of height, fractures, or kyphosis
- osteoporosis is asymptomatic
kyphosis
hunch back
lordosis
extra arched back, hips forward
what is osteoarthritis
breakdown in articular cartilage
what joints does osteoarthritis affect?
- weight bearing joints (hips, knees, vertebrae, ankles)
- hands and fingers
- joints with repetitive movement (sports)
what is joint inflammation
bone on bone movement - no cartilage anymore
heberdens nodes
swelling of finger joints more towards nail bed (distal)
bouchards nodes
swelling of finger joints more towards knucles (proximal)
symptoms of osteoarthritis
- joint edema
- aching pain
what kind of secretion is found in people with Gout?
Uric acid
what is thought to cause Gout
missing the enzyme needed to metabolize purines to be peed out
where does uric acid like to accumulate?
- big toe (most common)
- wrists, hands, ankles, knees
what does gout look like?
erythema (redness) and edema of joints
what is Tophi
pea-like deposits of uric acid
where does Tophi show up?
- ear cartilage
- subcutaneous tissue + other joints
what can kidney stone from uric acid cause in the body?
- flank pain
- costovertebral angle tenderness
what kind of scoliosis is thought to be genetic?
idiopathic scoliosis
who is most at risk for scoliosis
girls more than boys
non genetic causes of scoliosis
- deformed spine
- neuromuscular disease
- traumatic injury
- unequal leg length
what is considered “mild” scoliosis
curvature between 10% and 20%
intracranial regulation
mechanisms that facilitate or impair neurologic function
interrelationships
how other body systems work with the neurological systme to keep us alive
sensory perception
interact with the environment using the five senses
tactile perception
ability to sense stuff through touch
afferent messages
from sensory receptors to CNS
efferent messages
CNS sends motor and autonomic messages out to muscles and glands
somatic fibers
controls muscle contractions (voluntary)
autonomic fibers
controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue (involuntary)
how many cranial nerves?
12 pairs
how many spinal nerve?
31 pairs
somatic and autonomic are part of which nervous system?
peripheral
which system mediates unconcious activity?
autonomic
what are the four lobes of the brain
frontal, parietak, temporal, occipital
which lobe contains primary motor cortex and controls voluntary movement?
frontal
which area is responsible for word formulation and where is it located?
brocas area located in left frontal lobe
which lobe controls intellectual function, awareness of self, personality, and autonomic emotional responses?
frontal
which lobe contins primary somesthetic (sensory) cortex and receives sensory input?
parietal
which lobe contains the primary auditory cortex?
temporal lobe
where is Wernickes area?
left temporal lobe
what does Wernickes area do?
- comprehend spoken + written language
- interpret auditory, visual, and sensory imputs from thoughts and memory
which lobe contains primary visual cortex and interprets visual info?
occipital
three parts of the brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
10 of the 12 cranial nerves originate from where?
brainstem
midbrain function
send muscle movement stimuli to other parts of the brain
pons function
sends impulses to brain centers and lower spinal nerves
medulla oblongata function
reflexes such as breathing, sneexing, vomiting, vasoconstriction
function of the cerebellum
- balance
- coordinating function
- maintaining equilibrium
- muscle tone
- proprioception (sense of self movement)
what does the cervical spine control?
diaphragm, chest wall, arms and shoulders
what does the thoracic spine control?
upper body and GI function
what does the lumbar and sacral spine control
lower body, bowl + bladder movement
purpose of autonomic nervous system
regulate bodys internal environment in tandem with endocrine system
which is the fight or flight system?
sympathetic
which is the rest and digest or breed and feed system?
parasympathetic
what is the earliest and most sensitive indicator of alterations in cerebral function?
change in LOC
when is the only time you can inflict pain on a patient?
when doing GCS assessment
romberg test
patient stands with eyes closed and you put arms out in case they fall
what is the purpose of romberg test
assess cerebellar function
how to test kinesthetic sensation
move finger or toe up or down
how to test stereognosis
have patient identify object in hand
how to test grapesthesia
have patient identify drawing of number or letter on hand
clonus
repeated reflex muscular movements (involuntary muscle spasms)
disorders of peripheral nerves
- myasthenia gravias
- guillian barre syndrome
decorticate
abnormal flexion - arms held tightly up to body
decerebrate
abnormal extension - arms held rigid at sides of body
4 things to immediately report in neuro
- sudden or subtle changes in LOC
- decrease in 2 points from GCS
- abnormal flexion or extension
- pinpoint, dilated, and nonreactive pupils
