Nucleotides, DNA replication and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
Name the components of a nucleotide?
Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, covalent bond, pentose sugar and an ester bond
What are nucleotides?
Monomers of larger polymers nucleic acids
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What are features of DNA?
Double stranded, its pentose sugar is deoxyribose, its nitrogenous bases are A, T, C and G, and it is very long
What are the features of RNA?
Single strand, its pentose sugar is ribose, its nitrogenous bases are A, U, C and G, it is very short (one gene long)
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA stays in the cell, RNA goes out of the cell. DNA is very long, RNA is very short. DNA uses thymine, RNA uses uracil. DNA is in a double helix, RNA is in a single helix, DNA is more stable than RNA
What is a purine molecule? What nitrogenous bases are purines?
A molecule with two rings, guanine and adenine
What is a pyrimidine molecule? What nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
A molecule with a single ring, cytosine, thymine and uracil
How many rings are there in complementary base pairing?
3 rings, because purine have 2 rings and pyrimidines have 1 ring
What are the roles of nucleotides?
Synthesis and repair of nucleic acids, metabolic functions such as ATP
What reaction bonds together nucleotides?
Condensation reactions
Where is the phosphodiester bond on a nucleotide?
5th Carbon on the phosphate group and 3rd carbon on the hydroxyl group
What is a phosphodiester bond?
A covalent bond between 2 pentose sugars
What bonds are between the complementary base pairs?
Hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds are between the base pairs?
2 hydrogen bonds for A-T and 3 hydrogen bonds for C-G
What does ‘anti-parallel’ mean in context to DNA strands?
On the sugar phosphate backbone, one strand is from carbon 3 to carbon 5 but the other strand is the opposite: carbon 5 to carbon 3
Why is complementary base pairing important?
Ensures same distance between pairs, ensures faithful replication, maintains high fidelity of replication- and is bi-directional
What is transcription?
The process of turning DNA into RNA
Where does transcription occur and why?
The nucleus because DNA is too big to fit outside of the nucleus
What is translation?
The process of going from mRNA to proteins