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Biology A-Level OCR > Biodiversity > Flashcards

Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘species’

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed to produce viable offspring

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2
Q

Define ‘population’

A

Group of organisms of the same species in one area at one time

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3
Q

Define ‘community’

A

A group of populations living/interacting in an area

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4
Q

Define ‘habitat’

A

The environment where a species normally lives

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5
Q

Define ‘ecosystem’

A

Interactions between abiotic and biotic factors

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6
Q

Define ‘biodiversity’

A

The variety of species in an area

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7
Q

Define ‘habitat biodiversity’

A

The range and variety of habitats in an area

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8
Q

Define ‘species biodiversity’

A

Variety of species in an area

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9
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

Living factors; competition, predation, paracyticism and mutualism

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10
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living factors; climate, wind, humidity

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11
Q

Why is biodiversity so important?

A

Maintaining ecological, economical and ethical factors

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12
Q

What are some ecological factors for why biodiversity is so important?

A

Pollinators, habitats, disruption of food chain and nutrient cycles

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13
Q

What are some economical factors for why biodiversity is so important?

A

Medicine, food, clothing, fuels, agriculture, ecotourism, scientific research

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14
Q

What are some ethical factors for why biodiversity is so important?

A

Prevent extinction, indigenous populations, moral responsibility, aesthetic reasons

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15
Q

What is species richness?

A

Describes the number of different species present in an area (more species = richer)

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16
Q

What is species evenness?

A

Describes the relative abundance of the different species in an arear (similar abundance = more even)

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17
Q

What are some of the threats to biodiversity?

A

Pollution, loss of habitat, non-native species (trade), overexploitation, climate change

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18
Q

Define ‘genetic biodiversity’

A

The variety of genes in a species

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19
Q

What is sampling?

A

A technique used to estimate the population of individuals in an area without having to measure them all (abundance of a particular species)

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20
Q

What is random sampling?

A

A technique where individuals have equal chances of being selected; using grids and random numbers to place quadrats

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21
Q

What is non-random sampling?

A

Not chosen at random, so; opportunistic, stratified and systematic

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22
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

Counting/recording organisms that you happen to see/most conveniently available

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23
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Divided populations into groups (strata) based on characteristic then taking a samples from each group; separating into female and male

24
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

Different areas within a habitat are identified and then sampled separately; line + belt transects

25
Q

What is the difference between line and bel transects?

A

Line transects only measure what is directly touching the line, however belt transects take samples with quadrats and so measure a larger area (giving more info)

26
Q

How does reliability affect sampling?

A

Sampling bias and chance; choosing a sampling area because it looks more interesting or area sampled may not be representative of population

27
Q

Name some ways to sample animals

A

Pooter (sucking on mouthpiece to draw insects into chamber), sweep nets (used on long grass), pitfall traps, tree beating (so insects fall from tree), kick sampling (disturbing river bed to catch organisms)

28
Q

Name some ways to sample plants

A

Point quadrat (counting whatever a pin touches) and frame quadrats

29
Q

For frame quadrats, what is density?

A

Density of organism per 1m^2

30
Q

For frame quadrats, what is frequency?

A

Counting in how many of the squares an organism is present, if the organism is hard to count (like grass or moss), and then figure out a percentage (so if present in 40 out of 100 squares, the frequency of occurrence is 40%)

31
Q

For frame quadrats, what is percentage cover?

A

Estimate of the area a plant species covers in a quadrat, similar to frequency

32
Q

How would you estimate an animal population size?

A

Capture-mark-release-recapture, comparing number of marked and unmarked organisms upon recapture (bigger number of unmarks = larger population)

33
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

Non-living conditions in a habitat that directly effect organisms, e.g. wind speed, light, humidity, pH, temperature and oxygen concentration

34
Q

How would you measure abiotic factors?

A

light - light meter
pH - pH probe
temperature - thermometer/temp probe

35
Q

Name some factors that increase genetic biodiversity

A

Random genetic mutations, interbreeding (gene flow)

36
Q

Name some factors that decrease genetic biodiversity

A

Selective breeding, captive breeding programmes, rare breeds, artificial cloning (farming), natural selection, genetic bottlenecks, founder effect

37
Q

What is a genetic bottle neck?

A

Where a small group within a population survive a change (natural disaster, disease) that reduces the gene pool

38
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Where a small number of individuals create a new ‘colony’ that is geographically isolated from the previous population, so the gene pool is smaller

39
Q

What are some of the factors that effect biodiversity?

A

Deforestisation, climate change and agriculture

40
Q

How does deforestisation affect biodiversity?

A

Species diversity (of trees) is reduced, decreases habitat biodiversity, makes animals who rely on habitat for shelter and food vulnerable

41
Q

How does climate change affect biodiversity?

A

Loss of ice caps as habitat, decrease in species biodiversity as habitats are lost, decrease in rainfall = drought, loss of pollinators means loss of plant species

42
Q

How does agriculture affect biodiversity?

A

Removal of hedgerows, use of chemicals (herbicides and fungicides), monocultures (lowering species/habitat/genetic biodiversity)

43
Q

What are hedgerows?

A

Areas of hedges/trees that act as shelter and food source for many organisms, often are destroyed to make more room for agriculture

44
Q

What are the main reasons we should maintain biodiversity?

A

Ecological, economic and ethical reasons

45
Q

What are the ecological reasons we should maintain biodiversity?

A

Maintain food chains and nutrient cycles, prevent deforestisation and climate change, maintain habitats and pollinators

46
Q

What are the economic reasons we should maintain biodiversity?

A

Ecotourism, scientific research, potential in useful species, biofuels, prevent soil erosion and desertification to maintain crop growing,

47
Q

What are the ethical reasons we should maintain biodiversity?

A

Aesthetic reasons (mental well-being), prevent extinction (man has no right to take life away from Earth), morally responsible for future

48
Q

What are the different types of biodiversity conservation?

A

Ex situ and in situ

49
Q

What is ex situ?

A

Conservation outside of the organism’s natural habitat

50
Q

What is in situ?

A

Conservation inside of the organism’s natural habitat

51
Q

What are the different types of species conservation classifications?

A

Extinct, extinct in wild, endangered and vulnerable

52
Q

What are some examples of in situ conservation?

A

Wildlife reserves (controlled grazing, restricting human access, controlled poaching, feeding animals, culling invasive species), marine conservation zones

53
Q

What are some examples of ex situ conservation?

A

Botanic gardens, seed banks, captive breeding programmes

54
Q

What are some of the negatives of captive breeding programmes?

A

Recessive diseases due to small gene pool, change in behaviour and genetic races (so cannot be reintroduced into the wild)

55
Q

Name some conservation agreements

A

International Union for the Conservation of Nature, The Rio Convention, Countryside Stewardship Scheme

Biology A-Level OCR (26 decks)

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