Cell Organisation and Specialisation

Question 1

Why do cells specialise?

Answer 1

To complete specific functions in multicellular organisms

Question 2

What are the levels of organisation in a multicellular organism? (in order)

Answer 2

Specialised cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Question 3

Name some examples of specialised animal cells

Answer 3

Erythrocytes, neutrophlis, sperm

Question 4

Name some examples of specialised plant cells

Answer 4

Palisade cells, root hair cells, guard cells

Question 5

What is a tissue?

Answer 5

A collection of specialised cells that have differentiated for a specific function(s)

Question 6

What are the categories of tissues in animals?

Answer 6

Nervous, epithelial, muscle, connective

Question 7

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 7

Support transmission of electrical impulses

Question 8

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 8

Cover body surfaces, internal and external

Question 9

What is the function of muscle tissue?

Answer 9

Contraction

Question 10

What is the function of connective tissue?

Answer 10

Hold tissues together or transport

Question 11

How are erythrocytes adapted for function?

Answer 11

(Red blood cells) biconcave shape to increase SA:V, no nucleus for more room for hemoglobin, flexible for squeezing through capillaries; all to aid transport of oxygen

Question 12

How are neutrophils adapted to function?

Answer 12

(White blood cells) multilobed nucleus to squeeze into small places, granular cytoplasm containing lots of lysosome for digesting foreign bodies

Question 13

How are sperm adapted to fucntion?

Answer 13

Flagellum for movement, many mitochondria to provide energy for movement, acrosome with digestive enzyme to digest ovum for fertilisation

Question 14

How are palisade cells adapted to function?

Answer 14

Contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis, box shaped to pack together more, thin cell walls to increase rate of diffusion, large vacuole to maintain internal pressure

Question 15

How are root hair cells adapted to function?

Answer 15

Long thin root hairs to increase SA:V ratio to absorb more water and minerals

Question 16

How are guard cells adapted to function?

Answer 16

Thicker on one side to maintain symmetrical shape, swell up to prevent gas exchange

Question 17

Name some examples of specialised tissues in animals

Answer 17

Squamous epithelium, ciliated epithelium, cartilage, muscle

Question 18

How is squamous epithelium adapted to function?

Answer 18

One cell thick to increase rate of diffusion, lining of lungs

Question 19

How is ciliated epithelium adapted to function?

Answer 19

Hair-like structure to move substances, goblet cells are also present to move mucus away from lungs, also prevents other substances such as bacteria entering the lungs, lines trachea

Question 20

How is cartilage adapted to function?

Answer 20

Found in outer ear, nose, bones. Flexible, prevents the ends of bones rubbing together and causing damage

Question 21

What are the categories of tissues in plants?

Answer 21

Epidermis and vascular

Question 22

Give some examples of tissues in plants

Answer 22

Epidermis, xylem tissue and phloem tissue

Question 23

How is epidermis (in plants) adapted to function?

Answer 23

A waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, stomata in epidermis aids gas exchange,

Question 24

How is xylem tissue adapted to function?

Answer 24

Made of vessel elements (dead, elongated cells) which aid structural support in the xylem

Question 25

How is phloem tissue adapted to function?

Answer 25

Sieve tubes with porous sieve plates for organic solutes to pass through

Question 26

What are organs?

Answer 26

A collection of tissues that are adapted for a specific function/functions

Question 27

Name an example of an animal organ

Answer 27

Mammalian heart, pumps blood around the body and is made of connective tissue and muscle tissue

Question 28

Name an example of a plant organ

Answer 28

Leaf, for photosynthesis and is made of epidermis and vascular tissue

Question 29

What are organ systems?

Answer 29

A number of organs working together to carry out a major function

Question 30

Name an example of an animal organ system

Answer 30

Cardiovascular system, moves blood around the body to make an effective transport system for substances

Question 31

What are stem cells?

Answer 31

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to differentiate into another type of cell

Question 32

What is differentiation?

Answer 32

The process of a cell becoming specialised

Question 33

What is stem cell potency?

Answer 33

A stem cell's ability to differentiated into different kinds of cells

Question 34

What are the different types of stem cell potency?

Answer 34

Totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent

Question 35

What is a totipotent stem cell?

Answer 35

A cell with the potency to become any type of cell and a whole new organism

Question 36

What is a pluripotent stem cell?

Answer 36

A cell with the potency to differentiate into new tissues

Question 37

What is a multipotent stem cell?

Answer 37

A cell with the potency to differentiate into a range of cells within a tissue

Question 38

Why do cell differentiate?

Answer 38

To take on different roles in multicellular organism's tissues and organs

Question 39

What are the types of stem cells in animals?

Answer 39

Embryonic stem cells, adult tissue stem cells

Question 40

What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 40

Stem cells that present very early in embryo development and are totipotent

Question 41

What are adult tissue stem cells?

Answer 41

Stem cells that present all throughout life from birth in areas like the bone marrow and are multipotent

Question 42

What are stem cells in plants called?

Answer 42

Meristems

Question 43

Where are meristems found?

Answer 43

Wherever growth is occurring, such as the leaves and roots. Also in between the xylem and phloem tissue in the vascular cambium

Question 44

What are some uses of stem cells?

Answer 44

Repair of damaged tissues such as damages muscle tissue after a heart attack, the treatment of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's

Question 45

What are some ethical complications to do with stem cells?

Answer 45

Some believe that life begins at conception, and since the embryo has to be aborted and destroyed to harvest the stem cells, they believe that it is 'murder' and the loss of a unique human genome. No ethical complications to do with plant meristems

Question 46

How do stem cells treat Parkinson's?

Answer 46

Replacing dead nerve cells with living, dopamine-producing ones

Question 47

How does yeast redroduce?

Answer 47

Via budding