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Biology A-Level OCR > Cell Organisation and Specialisation > Flashcards

Cell Organisation and Specialisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do cells specialise?

A

To complete specific functions in multicellular organisms

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2
Q

What are the levels of organisation in a multicellular organism? (in order)

A

Specialised cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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3
Q

Name some examples of specialised animal cells

A

Erythrocytes, neutrophlis, sperm

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4
Q

Name some examples of specialised plant cells

A

Palisade cells, root hair cells, guard cells

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5
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A collection of specialised cells that have differentiated for a specific function(s)

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6
Q

What are the categories of tissues in animals?

A

Nervous, epithelial, muscle, connective

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7
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Support transmission of electrical impulses

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8
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A

Cover body surfaces, internal and external

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9
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contraction

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10
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

Hold tissues together or transport

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11
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted for function?

A

(Red blood cells) biconcave shape to increase SA:V, no nucleus for more room for hemoglobin, flexible for squeezing through capillaries; all to aid transport of oxygen

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12
Q

How are neutrophils adapted to function?

A

(White blood cells) multilobed nucleus to squeeze into small places, granular cytoplasm containing lots of lysosome for digesting foreign bodies

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13
Q

How are sperm adapted to fucntion?

A

Flagellum for movement, many mitochondria to provide energy for movement, acrosome with digestive enzyme to digest ovum for fertilisation

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14
Q

How are palisade cells adapted to function?

A

Contains chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis, box shaped to pack together more, thin cell walls to increase rate of diffusion, large vacuole to maintain internal pressure

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15
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to function?

A

Long thin root hairs to increase SA:V ratio to absorb more water and minerals

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16
Q

How are guard cells adapted to function?

A

Thicker on one side to maintain symmetrical shape, swell up to prevent gas exchange

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17
Q

Name some examples of specialised tissues in animals

A

Squamous epithelium, ciliated epithelium, cartilage, muscle

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18
Q

How is squamous epithelium adapted to function?

A

One cell thick to increase rate of diffusion, lining of lungs

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19
Q

How is ciliated epithelium adapted to function?

A

Hair-like structure to move substances, goblet cells are also present to move mucus away from lungs, also prevents other substances such as bacteria entering the lungs, lines trachea

20
Q

How is cartilage adapted to function?

A

Found in outer ear, nose, bones. Flexible, prevents the ends of bones rubbing together and causing damage

21
Q

What are the categories of tissues in plants?

A

Epidermis and vascular

22
Q

Give some examples of tissues in plants

A

Epidermis, xylem tissue and phloem tissue

23
Q

How is epidermis (in plants) adapted to function?

A

A waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, stomata in epidermis aids gas exchange,

24
Q

How is xylem tissue adapted to function?

A

Made of vessel elements (dead, elongated cells) which aid structural support in the xylem

25
Q

How is phloem tissue adapted to function?

A

Sieve tubes with porous sieve plates for organic solutes to pass through

26
Q

What are organs?

A

A collection of tissues that are adapted for a specific function/functions

27
Q

Name an example of an animal organ

A

Mammalian heart, pumps blood around the body and is made of connective tissue and muscle tissue

28
Q

Name an example of a plant organ

A

Leaf, for photosynthesis and is made of epidermis and vascular tissue

29
Q

What are organ systems?

A

A number of organs working together to carry out a major function

30
Q

Name an example of an animal organ system

A

Cardiovascular system, moves blood around the body to make an effective transport system for substances

31
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells with the potential to differentiate into another type of cell

32
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process of a cell becoming specialised

33
Q

What is stem cell potency?

A

A stem cell’s ability to differentiated into different kinds of cells

34
Q

What are the different types of stem cell potency?

A

Totipotent, pluripotent and multipotent

35
Q

What is a totipotent stem cell?

A

A cell with the potency to become any type of cell and a whole new organism

36
Q

What is a pluripotent stem cell?

A

A cell with the potency to differentiate into new tissues

37
Q

What is a multipotent stem cell?

A

A cell with the potency to differentiate into a range of cells within a tissue

38
Q

Why do cell differentiate?

A

To take on different roles in multicellular organism’s tissues and organs

39
Q

What are the types of stem cells in animals?

A

Embryonic stem cells, adult tissue stem cells

40
Q

What are embryonic stem cells?

A

Stem cells that present very early in embryo development and are totipotent

41
Q

What are adult tissue stem cells?

A

Stem cells that present all throughout life from birth in areas like the bone marrow and are multipotent

42
Q

What are stem cells in plants called?

A

Meristems

43
Q

Where are meristems found?

A

Wherever growth is occurring, such as the leaves and roots. Also in between the xylem and phloem tissue in the vascular cambium

44
Q

What are some uses of stem cells?

A

Repair of damaged tissues such as damages muscle tissue after a heart attack, the treatment of neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

45
Q

What are some ethical complications to do with stem cells?

A

Some believe that life begins at conception, and since the embryo has to be aborted and destroyed to harvest the stem cells, they believe that it is ‘murder’ and the loss of a unique human genome. No ethical complications to do with plant meristems

46
Q

How do stem cells treat Parkinson’s?

A

Replacing dead nerve cells with living, dopamine-producing ones

47
Q

How does yeast redroduce?

A

Via budding

Biology A-Level OCR (26 decks)

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