Classification and Evolution

Question 1

What are the different taxonomic groups? (in order)

Answer 1

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 2

Why are hybrids between different species infertile?

Answer 2

Because the number of chromosomes is odd, and so they cannot produce viable gametes

Question 3

What are the different kingdoms?

Answer 3

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaeabacteria and Protoctista

Question 4

What are the features of the Animalia kingdom?

Answer 4

Multicellular, DNA stored in nucleus, membrane-bound organelles and no chloroplasts, no cell wall, hetertrophic (nutrition via ingestion)

Question 5

What are the features of the Plantae kingdom?

Answer 5

Multicellular, DNA stored in nucleus, membrane-bound organelles and chloroplasts, cellulose cell wall, autotrophic (nutrition via photosynthesis)

Question 6

What are the features of the Fungi kingdom?

Answer 6

Multicellular (except yeast), DNA stored in nucleus, membrane-bound organelles and no chloroplasts, chitin cell wall, nutrition through absorption or saprophytic (decaying matter)

Question 7

What are the features of the Prokaryote kingdom?

Answer 7

Often unicellular, ring of ‘naked’ DNA, small ribosomes, peptidoglycan cell wall, nutrition through absorption (sometimes autotrophic), sometimes have flagella

Question 8

What are the features of the Protoctista kingdom?

Answer 8

Mainly unicellular, DNA stored in nucleus, membrane-bound organelles and sometimes have chloroplasts, cell wall varies, autotrophic/heterotrophic/both, sometimes have cilia/flagella/amoeboid mechanisms

Question 9

What are some of the techniques used for classification?

Answer 9

Genetics, morphology, biochemistry, embryology, physiology, behaviour, evolutionary links

Question 10

What is taxonomy?

Answer 10

The study of the principals behind the classifications of organisms according to their observable features or genetic characteristics

Question 11

What is phylogeny?

Answer 11

The study of how closely related different species are and involves the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 12

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 12

A system to give one internationally identifiable name to an organism; consisting of Genus and Species (e.g. Genus species, genus always captial)

Question 13

What are the domains?

Answer 13

Eukarya, Archaea and Bacteria

Question 14

What are the features of the Eukarya domain?

Answer 14

80s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has 12 proteins

Question 15

What are the features of the Bacteria domain?

Answer 15

70s ribsomes, RNA polymerase has 5 proteins

Question 16

What are the features of the Archaea domain?

Answer 16

70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has between 8-10 proteins

Question 17

What is the evidence to prove that archaea are different from bacteria?

Answer 17

Archaea have different RNA polymerase that are wrapped around histones, bonds between lipids differ, cell walls differ, flagella composition different

Question 18

What is some common evidence in phylogeny?

Answer 18

Proteins, fossils, DNA

Question 19

Define evolution

Answer 19

The gradual change in heritable traits of organisms over many millions of years over many successive generations

Question 20

What are the principals of natural selection?

Answer 20

Over production, variation, selection via adaptation, breed and pass on characteristics

Question 21

What is the process for natural selection?

Answer 21

Variation within a species
Competition (selection pressures) due to limited resources
Adaptation
Selection (change in allele frequency)

Question 22

Name some selection pressures

Answer 22

Predators, resources, nutrient supply, disease, hygiene, natural disasters, abiotic factors, weather conditions