NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION Flashcards
HALOGENOALKANES
What are the bond polarities of the halogenoalkanes? (2)
halogenoalkanes have a C-X bond, the bond is polar because halogens are more electronegative than carbon. going down the group the atom gets less electronegative.
what are the trends in solubility in the halogenoalkanes? (3)
the polar C-X bonds are not polar enough to make them soluble in water.
the main intermolecular forces are dipole-dipole and van der waals
halogen alkanes mix with hydrocarbons so can be used in dry cleaning.
what are the trends in boiling point in the halogenoalkanes? (3)
-boiling point increases with increased chain length
-boiling point increases going down the halogen group
-which is caused by increase in van der waals forces.
what are the most electronegative halogenoalkanes? (4)
-fluorine -most
-chlorine
-bromine
-iodine -least
what are the prefixes for each of the halogenoalkanes? (4)
-fluoro
-chloro
-bromo
-iodo
what is a primary amine? (1)
a primary amine has one alkyl group on the nitrogen atom.
what is a tertiary amine? (1)
a tertiary amine has three alkyl groups on the nitrogen atom.
what is a secondary amine? (1)
a secondary amine has two alkyl groups on the nitrogen atom.
what is the formula for a carboxylic atom? (1)
COOH
What is the formula for an alcohol? (1)
RCH2OH
what can halogenoalkanes be converted to? (3)
-alcohols
-amines
-nitriles
what are the other functional groups of alcohols? (2)
-carboxylic acid
-aldehyde
what are the other functional groups of primary amines? (2)
-secondary amines
-tertiary amines
what are the other functional groups of nitriles? (2)
-carboxylic acid
-primary amine
why are nucleophilic substitutions useful? (1)
they introduce new functional groups into organic compounds.
what is the nucleophile when halogenoalkanes react with cyanide ions? (1)
the cyanide ion.
what is the nucleophile when halogenoalkanes react with ammonia? (1)
the ammonium
what do curly arrows represent? (1)
are used to show how electron pairs move in organic reactions.
what is the leaving group? (1)
when the electron pair in the C-X bond moves to the halogen atom, X, making it a halide ion (the leaving group)
what are produced from the mechanism with halogenoalkanes and cyanide ions? (1)
nitriles are formed.
what is the overall reaction for halogenoalkanes with aqueous sodium (or potassium) hydroxide? (2)
R-X + OH(-) -> ROH + X(-)
Alcohol is formed
what is the nucleophile for halogenoalkanes with aqueous sodium (or potassium) hydroxide? (1)
the nucleophile is the hydroxide ion (OH-)
what is a nucleophile? (1)
reagents that attack and form bonds with positively or partially positively charged carbon atoms.
what is classified as a nucleophile? (1)
a nucleophile is either a negatively charged ion or has an atom with a partial negative charge.