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Cell Biology > Nucleic acids & Protein synthesis > Flashcards

Nucleic acids & Protein synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two Types of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) & Ribonucleic acid(RNA)

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2
Q

Describe nucleic acids

A

Composed of nucleotides, A monosaccharide 5 carbon atoms, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Purine Nitrogenous bases

A

A & G (look like pyrimidine)

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4
Q

Pyrimidine Nitrogenous bases

A

C,T & U (1ring)

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5
Q

what is the 5’ end

A

phosphate

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6
Q

what is the 3’ end

A

monosaccharide (OH)

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7
Q

Describe DNA structure

A

two polynucleotide chains that wind around a common axis to form a double helix

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8
Q

What is antiparallel

A

Two polynucleotide chains have opposite orientations 5’=>3’ & 3’=>5’

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9
Q

What are the 2 groves in DNA

A

Major and Minor

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10
Q

What is the pairing of bases in DNA and how many bonds

A

A-T 2 H bonds
C-G 3 H bonds

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11
Q

What is Chromatin

A

Double helix wrapped around histones

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12
Q

Describe Genes

A

Codes for RNA that codes for a protein, on a specific location on DNA called a LOCUS

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13
Q

Describe RNA

A

Single stranded polymer of nucletides joined by phosphodiester bonds, Made with ribose

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14
Q

differences of RNA

A

sugar is ribose, nitrogen bases U(uracil) instead of T(thymine)

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15
Q

What type of replication is DNA replication

A

semiconservative- half of new double helices are original strand half new strand

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16
Q

3 stages of DNA replication

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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17
Q

Describe Initiation stage (dna rep)

A

Protein recognise origin sites and form prereplication complexes then form a replication bubble(initiation complex)

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18
Q

Describe the Stages of Initiation stage(enzymes)

A

TOPOISOMERASE- unwinds coiling of double helix
HELICASE- binds to origin of replication, establishes replication fork, unzips to make single strand
SINGLE-STRANDED DNA BINDING PROTEINS- prevent coiling

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19
Q

DNA Primase (elongation) role

A

makes RNA primer (5-10 nucleotides) provides 3’end

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20
Q

DNA Polymerase (elongation) role

A

Add nucleotides to 3’ end, catalyse bonds of nucleotides , 1 per chain

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21
Q

Describe Leading strand

A

5’=>3’, continuous process, ε polymerase

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22
Q

Where is DNA Polymerase ε used

A

Leading strand

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23
Q

Describe lagging strand

A

3’=>5’, discontinuous process, backstitching mechanism (multiple RNA primers) (okazaki fragments), α & δ polymerase

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24
Q

Where is DNA polymerase α & δ

A

lagging strand

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25
Q

Describe Termination for leading strand

A

When two replication forks encounter each other head on, (HELICASE is modified by ubiquitin is removed from DNA), repair DNA polymerase and DNA ligase fill in gaps

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26
Q

Describe Termination for lagging strand(okazaki fragments)

A

RNAse removes primers after completion, DNA polymerase δ fills gaps, Nicks in the DNA are sealed by DNA ligase

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27
Q

What does DNA ligase do

A

Fill in gaps at the end of DNA replication

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28
Q

How many errors per nucleotide

A

1per10^7 nucleotide bases

29
Q

Name the spontaneous DNA damage types

A

Depurination, depyrimidination, deamination, UV

30
Q

Describe Depurination

A

loss of purine bases

31
Q

Describe Depyrimidination

A

Loss of pyrimidine bases

32
Q

Describe Deamination

A

loss of amino in cytosine C=>U

33
Q

Describe UV radiation damage

A

causes covalent linkage between pyrimidine bases T,C

34
Q

Name 2 major DNA repair pathways

A

Base excision, Nucleotide excision

35
Q

Describe Base excision and what is it used for

A

remove a base/nucleotide then replace that one - for deamination

36
Q

Describe Nucleotide excision and what used for

A

Remove set of nucleotides then replace- for depyrimidation

37
Q

What does base excision repair

A

Deamination

38
Q

What does nucleotide excision repair

A

depyrimidation

39
Q

Name the mechanisms to repair double strand breaks

A

Nonhomologous end joining and Homologous recombination

40
Q

Describe Nonhomologous end joining

A

Break repaired using DNA ligase to glue together with LOSS of nucleotides at repair sites

41
Q

Describe Homologous recombination

A

Break repaired by DNA Polymerase and Ligase by using undamaged DNA as template with NO LOSS of nucleotides at repair site

42
Q

Name types of DNA recombination

A

DNA repair, Meiosis

43
Q

Describe DNA repair (recombination)

A

Fixes Double strand break by bringing the strands together using new nucleotides based of the template undamaged strand and using base-pairing

44
Q

Describe Meiosis DNA recombination

A

Strand breaks programmatically and then they crossover and resemble

45
Q

Describe DNA recombination is repair vs meiosis

A

DNA recombination in DNA repair primarily maintains genome integrity by accurately repairing double-strand breaks, while in meiosis, it promotes genetic diversity by exchanging genetic material between maternal and paternal sister chromatids.

46
Q

How many amino acids

A

20

47
Q

What groups are on a amino acid

A

amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom and r-group

48
Q

How many amino acids to be called a protein

A

50<

49
Q

How many amino acids to be called a peptide chain

A

<50

50
Q

What does genetic code determine

A

number and sequence of amino acids

51
Q

What reaction occurs to form peptide bond

A

condensation reaction

52
Q

5 stages of Protein synthesis

A

DNA, Transcription, RNA, Translation, Protein

53
Q

Describe Transcription

A

DNA unwound by RNA polymerase then binds to specific section of gene called promoter sequence, triplets have start stop sequences

54
Q

What Strand does RNA polymerase copy

A

3’-5’ strand(template strand) through complementary base pairing resulting in a copy of the non template strand

55
Q

Name the 4 steps of posttranscriptional modification (pre-mRNA)

A

Splicing, editing, 5’capping, polyadneylation

56
Q

What is splicing

A

removing introns (dont code for proteins)

57
Q

What is editing

A

Changing the length/shape of nucleotide bases

58
Q

What is 5’capping

A

Adding on something(head) to the start to prevent it breaking down and allow ribosome to identify mRNA

59
Q

What is polyadenylation

A

adding a tail of adenine bases to signal to end of mRNA

60
Q

3 stages of translation

A

initiation, elongation, termination

61
Q

What is initiation (translation)

A

Transitional complex forms and tRNA brings first amino acid in polypeptide chain to bind to start codon on mRNA

62
Q

What is Elongation (translation)

A

tRNA bring amino acids one by one to add to polypeptide chain

63
Q

What is Termination (translation)

A

Release factor recognizes stop codon translation complex dissociates and completed polypeptide is released

64
Q

Name the 4 steps of posttranslational modifications

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

65
Q

What is Primary protein structure

A

sequence of a chain of amino acids

66
Q

What is Secondary protein structure

A

Alpha helix/ Beta pleated sheet
Where hydrogen bonding causes the chain of amino acids to fold into repeating pattern

67
Q

What is Tertiary protein structure

A

3 dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to interactions such as disulfide bridges, ionic bonds, hydrophilic/phobic interactions etc

68
Q

What is Quaternary protein structure

A

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain

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