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Cell Biology > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Autocrine

A

Sends signal/ligand to self

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2
Q

What is juxtacrine/epicrine

A

Sends signal/ligand to neighbouring cell by gap junction

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3
Q

What is Paracrine

A

Sends signal/ligand through extracellular fluid to nearby cell

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4
Q

What is endocrine

A

Sends signal through blood

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5
Q

What is Exocrine

A

Secreted signal through ducts

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6
Q

What is a Ligand

A

Something that can trigger a response

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7
Q

What type of Ligands pass through cell membranes

A

Lipophilic Ligands

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8
Q

Where are intracellular receptors (specifically)

A

Cytoplasm, nucleus membrane, in the nucleus

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9
Q

Do intracellular receptors or surface receptors have a quicker response

A

surface receptors as intracellular are slow

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10
Q

What are the three stages of signal transduction

A

Reception, Transduction, repsonse

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11
Q

Define reception (cell signalling)

A

Detects an external signal

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12
Q

Define Transduction (cell signalling)

A

Passing on a signal via secondary messengers

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13
Q

Steps for Transduction

A

Amplification, Proteins, 2nd messengers

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14
Q

What is a second messenger

A

Small, Non protein molecules that pass along a signal initiated by the first messenger binding to the receptor

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15
Q

How can responses vary

A

cell type, nature of signal, receptor involved

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16
Q

What are cellular events

A

Processes and responses within a cell regulated by transmission of signal from outside the cell to intracellular targets

17
Q

What type of signalling do heart muscles use

A

juxtacrine

18
Q

What is neuronal signaling

A

Neurones and synapses

19
Q

Forms of local cell communication

A

Autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine,

20
Q

Forms of distant cell communication

A

Neuronal (synaptic) signaling

21
Q

Structural characteristics of cytokines

A

Soluble protein, disulfide bonds(bridges), Alphal helical core structure, Glycosylation some are glycoprotein meaning they have sugar molecules attached affecting interactions with receptors

22
Q

What are cytokines

A

Unique cell signaling molecule

23
Q

What cell signalling can cytokines not do

A

juxtacrine, neuronal

24
Q

What is pleiotropy(cytokines)

A

Cytokine that has different biological effects on different target cells

25
Q

What is redundancy(cytokines)

A

Two or more cytokines that mediate similar functions

26
Q

Where do cytokines exert their effects

A

Binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells

27
Q

Where are polar signals receptors

A

Outside the cells ( membrane receptor)

28
Q

Where are non polar signals receptors

A

Intracellular receptor

29
Q

What is ligand gated ion channel

A

Ligand/neurotransmitter binds to receptor which allows ions to move in and is dependent on gradient

30
Q

What is a G protein-coupled receptor

A

Ligand attaches to G protein then it breaks into 3 components and the signal then carries on

31
Q

Structure of G protein receptor

A

7 polypeptide chains

32
Q

What is Receptor tyrosine kinases

A

Ligand binds to domain which activates a intracellular cascade where a molecule passes on the signal further

33
Q

What are receptor tyrosine kinases mostly used for

A

growth factors

34
Q

Where is a nuclear receptor located

A

Nucleus membrane or inside nucleus or in cytoplasm

35
Q

What do nuclear receptors do and what activates them

A

Always! activate a gene and activated by steroid hormones

36
Q

Why can steroid hormones pass through the cell membrane

A

Non polar and lipophilic

37
Q

What receptors are in heart muscles

A

G protein receptors

Cell Biology (7 decks)

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