Haematology

Question 1

What are Leucocytes

Answer 1

White blood cells

Question 2

What are granulocytes

Answer 2

Granulated cells/nucleus

Question 3

Describe Neutrophils

Answer 3

Multilobed Nucleus, Large cells, most common leucocytes

Question 4

Neutrophils function

Answer 4

Bacterial Infection and acute response to infection

Question 5

Describe Eosinophils

Answer 5

2-3 Lobes, Large cells, small component of leucocyte count, pink and red granules

Question 6

Eosinophils function

Answer 6

Parasitic infection, Allergies, auto-immune conditions

Question 7

Describe basophils

Answer 7

Large blue granules (nucleus)(obscure a bi-lobed nucleus), smaller cells, least common leucocyte

Question 8

basophils function

Answer 8

Allergic conditions

Question 9

Describe Monocytes

Answer 9

Indented/horeshoe nucleus, largest leucocyte and second rarest leucocyte-not granulated

Question 10

Monocytes function

Answer 10

Increases in inflammatory states, migrate out of blood stream to form tissue macrophages which phagocytose dead cells and debris

Question 11

Describe Lymphocytes

Answer 11

Large nucleus minimal cytoplasm, Large cells second most common leucocyte- not granulated

Question 12

Lymphocytes function

Answer 12

Viral infections and any inflammatory condition

Question 13

Describe features of Erythrocytes

Answer 13

No nucleus, Biconcave, medium sized, background of blood smear

Question 14

Erythrocytes function

Answer 14

Transport of oxygen and nutrients and return of waste, levels are low in blood loss and anaemia, levels increased when dehydrated

Question 15

Describe Thrombocytes

Answer 15

Platelets, small fragment of the cytoplasm of another cell; megakaryocyte

Question 16

Thrombocytes function

Answer 16

vital role in haemostasis, can easily clump on blood smears causing falsely decreased counts

Question 17

Plasma blood volume

Answer 17

55%

Question 18

Name Cell adaptations

Answer 18

Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Atrophy, Metaplasia,

Question 19

What is not a cell adaption and why

Answer 19

Dysplasia as it disorderly growth which is uncontrolled so not an adaption

Question 20

Define Atrophy

Answer 20

decreased cell size

Question 21

Define Hypertrophy

Answer 21

increased cell size

Question 22

Define Hyperplasia

Answer 22

increased cell number

Question 23

Define Metaplasia

Answer 23

conversion of one cell type to another

Question 24

Reason for hypertrophy

Answer 24

increase in size of cells leading to enlargement of organ, muscles cells following an exercise

Question 25

Reason for Atrophy

Answer 25

reduced demand, inadequate nutrients or other adverse conditions, muscle atrophy due to disuse as result of prolonged immobility

Question 26

Reason for metaplasia

Answer 26

Chronic irritation and inflammation, replacement of ciliated columnar epithelial cells in the respiratory tract with squamous cells due to smoking

Question 27

Describe cellular degeneration

Answer 27

Pathological changes that results in structural and functional change of cells

Question 28

Describe cell death

Answer 28

When cells cannnot adapt to stress or injury

Question 29

Types of cell death

Answer 29

Necrosis, apoptosis

Question 30

Reason of necrosis

Answer 30

Injury, unregulated death

Question 31

Reason of Apoptosis

Answer 31

programmed cell death

Question 32

Stages of cell repair

Answer 32

Inflammation, Regeneration, Remodeling, Fibrosis

Question 33

Define inflammation

Answer 33

Recruitment of immune cells to the site of damage to clear debris and begin repair process

Question 34

Define Regeneration

Answer 34

Cells can proliferate to replace lost cells to restore original structure and function

Question 35

Define Remodeling

Answer 35

tissue undergoes remodeling to reorganize newley formed scare tissue and strengthened to restore function

Question 36

Define Fibrosis

Answer 36

where regeneration is not feasible, body repairs damage by forming scare tissue which restores integrity in tissue but not restored to full function

Question 37

Types of necrosis

Answer 37

Coagulative, liquefication, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, gangrenous

Question 38

Symptoms of necrosis

Answer 38

pain, discoloration, swelling, skin changes

Question 39

Look at slides on necrosis vs apoptosis

Answer 39

Look at slides on necrosis vs apoptosis

Question 40

Types of cell degeneration

Answer 40

reversible and irreversible