Endocrine Intro

Question 1

What does hormone binding depend on

Answer 1

Chemical structure and water or fat soluble

Question 2

What does hormone structure have impact on

Answer 2

Storage, speed and duration

Question 3

Structure of steroid hormones

Answer 3

derived from cholesterol-steroid ring

Question 4

What produces steroid hormones

Answer 4

Gonads, adrenal cortex and kidneys

Question 5

Describe steroid hormones(storage and receptors)

Answer 5

Cant be stored in vesicles in produced endocrine cell, receptors located inside target cell

Question 6

Why cant steroid hormones be stored

Answer 6

Lipophilic(oil) and vesicles are fluid based

Question 7

Are steroid hormones quick or slow

Answer 7

slow as not stored and intracellular receptors so have to be synthesized and travel further

Question 8

Structure of peptide hormones

Answer 8

Chains of amino acids

Question 9

Describe peptide hormones(storage and receptors)

Answer 9

Can be stored in vesicles in produced endocrine cell, receptors located extracellular

Question 10

Are peptide hormones quick or slow

Answer 10

Quick as stored and have extracellular receptors

Question 11

Tyrosine(amino acid)(catecholamines) derivatives

Answer 11

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

Question 12

Tyrosine(amino acid)(Thyroid hormones) derivatives

Answer 12

T4(thyroxine),T3(triidothyronine)

Question 13

Tryptophan(amino acid) derivatives

Answer 13

melatonin, serotonin

Question 14

Describe Hormones multiple effects

Answer 14

Hormones activate or repress different messengers, proteins or genes in different cells

Question 15

Identify types of 3 hormonal releases

Answer 15

Neuronal, hormonal, substrate(humoral)

Question 16

Define neuronal (hormone) release

Answer 16

Signal from nervous system stimulates release of hormone

Question 17

Define Hormonal (hormone) release

Answer 17

Signal from a other hormone causes the release of a hormone

Question 18

Define substrate/humoral (hormone) release

Answer 18

Substrate trigger a hormone release

Question 19

Describe main benefit of Neuronal/neural (hormone) release

Answer 19

Nervous system is quicker than hormonal so nervous signal direct to gland to release a hormone

Question 20

Example of neural release

Answer 20

Adrenaline- sympathetic stimulation (presynaptic) to the chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (post synaptic) which release catecholamines (epinephrine)

Question 21

Neurohormones? ( special cases)

Answer 21

Neurotransmitters released into blood (instead of synaptic cleft), hormones produced by neurons (oxytocin), releasing hormones produced by neurons but stimulate a gland instead of target organ

Question 22

Describe Humoral release

Answer 22

response to changing levels of substances in the blood

Question 23

Example of humoral release

Answer 23

Calcitonin- high level of Ca2+ so thyroid releases calcitonin which stimulates a fall in Ca2+

Question 24

Describe Hormonal release

Answer 24

Gland release a hormone then another gland releases another hormone and so on until gland releases wanted hormone

Question 25

Example of Hormonal release

Answer 25

Oestrogen- Hypothalamus=>GnRH/ GnRH=> anterior pituitary=> FSH/ FSH =>ovary=> oestrogen

Question 26

Which is faster endocrine of Nervous and why

Answer 26

nervous as direct and by nerve impulses while endocrine is more systematic as release of chemical messenger into blood and fluids

Question 27

Control centre of endocrine system

Answer 27

Hypothalamus

Question 28

Define Exocrine glands

Answer 28

produce secretions that are release via ducts

Question 29

Define endocrine glands

Answer 29

Ductless glands that release hormones into surrounding tissues and fluids like blood

Question 30

Hypothalamus Hormones

Answer 30

Trophic Hormones

Question 31

Describe hypothalamus role

Answer 31

Major communication structure connects nervous and endocrine. Regulation of main body's physiological processes

Question 32

Another name of Pituitary gland

Answer 32

Hypophysis

Question 33

Anterior Pituitary gland (reproductive) hormones

Answer 33

LH, FSH, LTH(prolactin)

Question 34

Adenohypophysis (Metabolic) hormones

Answer 34

GH, TSH, ACTH(adrenal cortex)

Question 35

Posterior pituitary gland (reproductive) hormones

Answer 35

Oxytocin

Question 36

Neurohypophysis (metabolic) hormones

Answer 36

ADH

Question 37

What does the Thyroid control

Answer 37

metabollic rate

Question 38

What do the follicular cells (thyroid) produce

Answer 38

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Question 39

What do the C-cells (thyroid) produce

Answer 39

(thyro) calcitonin

Question 40

Describe Parathyroids

Answer 40

Pair per lobe (4 parathyroids) and parathyroid hormone corresponding loop mechanism for calcium control

Question 41

What does the Adrenal cortex produce

Answer 41

Aldosterone, Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 42

What does the Adrenal Medulla produce

Answer 42

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

Question 43

What do the alpha cells (pancreas) produce

Answer 43

Glucagon

Question 44

What do the beta cells (pancreas) produce

Answer 44

insulin

Question 45

What do the delta cells (pancreas) produce

Answer 45

somatostatin

Question 46

What is somatostatin

Answer 46

growth hormone (with specific control)

Question 47

What is the pineal gland

Answer 47

Not a major gland but important for circadian rhythm

Question 48

An example of a Hormone from zona glomerulosa

Answer 48

Aldosterone

Question 49

An example of a Hormone from zona fasciculata

Answer 49

cortisol

Question 50

An example of a Hormone from zona reticularis

Answer 50

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Question 51

4 Types of hormones

Answer 51

Amine, Peptide, protein, steroid

Question 52

How are thyroid hormones made

Answer 52

• lodine in diet circulating in blood stream • Thyroglobulin enters colloid from follicular cells • Tyrosine and oxidised iodine combined and held with thyroglobulin forming T, and T2 • Re-enter follicular cell and thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) enter blood stream