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Cell Biology > Endocrine Intro > Flashcards

Endocrine Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

What does hormone binding depend on

A

Chemical structure and water or fat soluble

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2
Q

What does hormone structure have impact on

A

Storage, speed and duration

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3
Q

Structure of steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol-steroid ring

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4
Q

What produces steroid hormones

A

Gonads, adrenal cortex and kidneys

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5
Q

Describe steroid hormones(storage and receptors)

A

Cant be stored in vesicles in produced endocrine cell, receptors located inside target cell

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6
Q

Why cant steroid hormones be stored

A

Lipophilic(oil) and vesicles are fluid based

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7
Q

Are steroid hormones quick or slow

A

slow as not stored and intracellular receptors so have to be synthesized and travel further

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8
Q

Structure of peptide hormones

A

Chains of amino acids

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9
Q

Describe peptide hormones(storage and receptors)

A

Can be stored in vesicles in produced endocrine cell, receptors located extracellular

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10
Q

Are peptide hormones quick or slow

A

Quick as stored and have extracellular receptors

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11
Q

Tyrosine(amino acid)(catecholamines) derivatives

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine

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12
Q

Tyrosine(amino acid)(Thyroid hormones) derivatives

A

T4(thyroxine),T3(triidothyronine)

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13
Q

Tryptophan(amino acid) derivatives

A

melatonin, serotonin

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14
Q

Describe Hormones multiple effects

A

Hormones activate or repress different messengers, proteins or genes in different cells

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15
Q

Identify types of 3 hormonal releases

A

Neuronal, hormonal, substrate(humoral)

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16
Q

Define neuronal (hormone) release

A

Signal from nervous system stimulates release of hormone

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17
Q

Define Hormonal (hormone) release

A

Signal from a other hormone causes the release of a hormone

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18
Q

Define substrate/humoral (hormone) release

A

Substrate trigger a hormone release

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19
Q

Describe main benefit of Neuronal/neural (hormone) release

A

Nervous system is quicker than hormonal so nervous signal direct to gland to release a hormone

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20
Q

Example of neural release

A

Adrenaline- sympathetic stimulation (presynaptic) to the chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (post synaptic) which release catecholamines (epinephrine)

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21
Q

Neurohormones? ( special cases)

A

Neurotransmitters released into blood (instead of synaptic cleft), hormones produced by neurons (oxytocin), releasing hormones produced by neurons but stimulate a gland instead of target organ

22
Q

Describe Humoral release

A

response to changing levels of substances in the blood

23
Q

Example of humoral release

A

Calcitonin- high level of Ca2+ so thyroid releases calcitonin which stimulates a fall in Ca2+

24
Q

Describe Hormonal release

A

Gland release a hormone then another gland releases another hormone and so on until gland releases wanted hormone

25
Q

Example of Hormonal release

A

Oestrogen- Hypothalamus=>GnRH/ GnRH=> anterior pituitary=> FSH/ FSH =>ovary=> oestrogen

26
Q

Which is faster endocrine of Nervous and why

A

nervous as direct and by nerve impulses while endocrine is more systematic as release of chemical messenger into blood and fluids

27
Q

Control centre of endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

Define Exocrine glands

A

produce secretions that are release via ducts

29
Q

Define endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that release hormones into surrounding tissues and fluids like blood

30
Q

Hypothalamus Hormones

A

Trophic Hormones

31
Q

Describe hypothalamus role

A

Major communication structure connects nervous and endocrine. Regulation of main body’s physiological processes

32
Q

Another name of Pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

33
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland (reproductive) hormones

A

LH, FSH, LTH(prolactin)

34
Q

Adenohypophysis (Metabolic) hormones

A

GH, TSH, ACTH(adrenal cortex)

35
Q

Posterior pituitary gland (reproductive) hormones

A

Oxytocin

36
Q

Neurohypophysis (metabolic) hormones

A

ADH

37
Q

What does the Thyroid control

A

metabollic rate

38
Q

What do the follicular cells (thyroid) produce

A

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

39
Q

What do the C-cells (thyroid) produce

A

(thyro) calcitonin

40
Q

Describe Parathyroids

A

Pair per lobe (4 parathyroids) and parathyroid hormone corresponding loop mechanism for calcium control

41
Q

What does the Adrenal cortex produce

A

Aldosterone, Cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone

42
Q

What does the Adrenal Medulla produce

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

43
Q

What do the alpha cells (pancreas) produce

A

Glucagon

44
Q

What do the beta cells (pancreas) produce

A

insulin

45
Q

What do the delta cells (pancreas) produce

A

somatostatin

46
Q

What is somatostatin

A

growth hormone (with specific control)

47
Q

What is the pineal gland

A

Not a major gland but important for circadian rhythm

48
Q

An example of a Hormone from zona glomerulosa

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

An example of a Hormone from zona fasciculata

A

cortisol

50
Q

An example of a Hormone from zona reticularis

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

51
Q

4 Types of hormones

A

Amine, Peptide, protein, steroid

52
Q

How are thyroid hormones made

A

• lodine in diet circulating in blood stream
• Thyroglobulin enters colloid from follicular cells
• Tyrosine and oxidised iodine combined and held with thyroglobulin forming T, and T2
• Re-enter follicular cell and thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) enter blood stream

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